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sensation Flashcards

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Psychology 101 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Figure-ground

A

relationship-is the principle by which we
organize the perceptual field into stimuli that stand out and those that are left over

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2
Q

Shape constancy

A

-the perceived shape of an object is unaffected by changed in the shape of its retinal image

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3
Q

Color constancy

A

(brightness constancy) is the recognition that an object retains the same color even though different amounts of light
fall on it.

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4
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

is the recognition that objects
are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing

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5
Q

Binocular cues

A

depth cues that depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes

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6
Q

Size constancy

A

the ability to see an object as unchanged in size despite changes in the image size as it moves farther away or closer (perceived size of an object remains the same despite changes in the size of the image it casts on the retina)

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7
Q

Shadowing

A

light adds shadowing that gives a 2-d picture 3-d qualities

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8
Q

Linear perspective

A

a visual cue in which two parallel lines appear to meet together in the distance

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9
Q

Motion Parallex

A

a type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer appear to move faster than objects that are further.

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10
Q

aerial perspective

A

a phenomenon in which distant objects tend to appear blurry and bluish in nature.

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11
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

3-D vision like in movies!

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12
Q

retinal Disparity

A

a discrepancy in the images that reach the left and right eye

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13
Q

Texture gradients

A

the texture elements of picture- like the stones and grass- become gradually smaller, more densely packed, and less defined moving into the distance

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14
Q

Convergence

A

in the distance the line of vision is parallel but less than 50 ft the eyes must converge- or turn in to focus on the object

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15
Q

auto kinetic illusion

A

spot appears to move

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16
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

Apparent movement-occurs when we perceive a stationary object as moving

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17
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

lights appear to move

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18
Q

Gestalt rules

A

a school of thought interested in how people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns

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19
Q

sound

A

based on the perception of its characteristics

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20
Q

transduction

A

the translation of incoming stimuli into neural signals

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21
Q

sound waves

A

vibrations processed by auditory system

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22
Q

ossicles

A

vibrate to transmit sounds to inner ear

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23
Q

frequency

A

The hair cells fire at different rates/frequencies in the cochlea

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24
Q

Hertz

A

the unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.

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25
Q

timbre

A

is the tone saturation

26
Q

Pitch

A

the perceptual interpretation of frequency of sound

27
Q

Hammer, anvil, stirrup
(aka ossicles)

A

vibrate to transmit sounds to inner ear

28
Q

Amplitude

A

height of the wave of light which determines brightness

29
Q

oval window

A

transmits sound waves to the cochlea

30
Q

decibel

A

loud or soft

31
Q

cochlea

A

fluid-filled structure that is coiled up like a snail

32
Q

Auditory Nerves

A

hair cells are receptor sites

33
Q

place theory

A

The hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies based on where they are located in the cochlea.

34
Q

Frequency theory

A

The hair cells fire at different rates/frequencies in the cochlea

35
Q

conduction deafness

A

something goes wrong with the system of conducting the sound to the cochlea

36
Q

Nerve (or sensorineural) Deafness

A

occurs when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged- usually by a loud noise

37
Q

Basilar

A
38
Q

Olfactory bulb

A
39
Q

taste buds

A

are closely packed or spread out depending on how well you taste food

40
Q

papillae

A

rounded bumps above the tongue’s surface

41
Q

semicircular canals

A
42
Q

Vestibular Senses

A

provides information about balance and movement (oriented in space)

43
Q

Kinesthetic Senses

A

provides information about movement, posture and orientation

44
Q

gate control theory

A
45
Q

ganglion cell

A

a type of neuron located near the inner surface

46
Q

saturation

A

richness of a visual stimuli

47
Q

Brightness

A

tendency to perceive a familiar object as having the same brightness under different conditions of illumination

48
Q

Blind spot

A

place where optic nerve leaves the retina

49
Q

Dichromats

A

partial color blindness in which the eye contains only two types of cone photo pigment instead of the typical three

50
Q

trichromatic theory

A

indicates that we can receive 3 types of colors (red, green, and blue) and that the cones vary the ratio of neural activity (Like a projection T.V.).

51
Q

opponent process theory

A

color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white

52
Q

colorblindness

A

the inability to discriminate between colors and to perceive color hues

53
Q

visible light

A

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see with our eyes

54
Q

feature detectors

A

individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli

55
Q

visual acuity

A

the degree of clarity, or sharpness, of visual perception

56
Q

wave length

A

Light: form of electromagnetic energy that can be detected in terms of wavelengths

57
Q

optic chiasm

A

the location at the base of the brain at which the optic nerves from the two eyes meet

58
Q

Optic nerve

A

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

59
Q

after image

A

the image that remains after a stimulus ends or is removed.

60
Q

hue

A

subjective quality of color, which is determined primarily by wavelength and secondarily by amplitude

ap psych (12 decks)

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