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Adult Language Disorders > aphasia > Flashcards

aphasia Flashcards

0
Q

Name non fluent/ anterior aphasia syndromes

A

Broca’s
Trans cortical motor
Global

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1
Q

Name fluent/posterior aphasia syndromes

A 
Wernicke's
Conduction
Anomic
Transcortical sensory
Transcortical mixed
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2
Q

key symptom of Broca’s aphasia

A

Agrammatic production
Used to be associated with “expressive aphasia”… Word finding is more preserved than sentence formulation. Patient is often a good communicator bc the few words produced represent some of the message accurately.

Usually accompanied by right hemiplegia and mild facial weakness

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3
Q

Lesion site of Broca’s aphasia

A

Around and including Broca’s area….area 44

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4
Q

Key symptoms of transcortical motor aphasia

A

*like Broca’s aphasia but with preserved repetition

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5
Q

Lesion site for transcortical motor aphasia

A

Varied frontal lobe locations

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6
Q

Key symptoms of global aphasia

A

Poor comprehension, minimal production

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7
Q

Lesion site for global aphasia

A

Posterior & frontal peri sylvan Lang region

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8
Q

Key symptom in Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Poor comprehension, jargon, press for speech

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9
Q

Key symptoms of Conduction aphasia

A

Surprisingly impaired repetition

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10
Q

Lesion sight for Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Wernicke’s area ( posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus)

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11
Q

Key symptoms for anomic aphasia

A

Word finding deficit, empty speech

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12
Q

Lesion sight for conduction aphasia

A

Tempo-parietal boundary (supra marginal gyrus)

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13
Q

Lesion site for anomic aphasia

A

Posterior temporal-parietal boundary (angular gyrus)

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14
Q

Key symptoms in transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Like Wernicke’s aphasia, but with preserved repetition

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15
Q

Lesion site for transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Inferior temporo-occipital border area ( perhaps PCA occlusion)

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16
Q

Key symptom of transcortical mixed aphasia

A

Like global aphasia but with preserved repetition

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17
Q

Lesion site of transcortical mixed aphasia

A

Diffuse or multifocal damage in frontal and parietal lobes

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18
Q

What is the most severe form of fluent aphasia?

A

Wernicke’s aka. Sensory, jargon, receptive

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19
Q

Conversation with someone with Aphasia can go smoothly, but formal testing may show that verbal expression deteriorates precipitously when repeating phrases of increasing length and complexity.

A

Conduction

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20
Q

What is often the mildest form of aphasia?

A

Anomic

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21
Q

What association tract is thought to be damaged in conduction aphasia?

A

arcuate fasciculus

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22
Q

What is a prominent feature in transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

Echolalia

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23
Q

Paraphasia

A

Word substitution errors, produced unintentionally

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24
Q

Agrammatism

A

Certain types of linguistic units drop out of

Utterances

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25
Q

Brain circulation arises from 2 pairs of arteries

A

The internal carotid arteries ICA

The vertebral arteries VA

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26
Q

The ICA enters the cranium and supplies much of the

A

Forebrain

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27
Q

The ICA bifurcates into the_______and_______

A

Anterior carotid artery ACA

Middle cerebral artery MCA

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28
Q

ACA and MCA supply the cerebral hemispheres over the ______and_______surfaces if the cerebral hemisphere

A

Anterior and lateral surfaces

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29
Q

The VAs join to form the ________which continues along the ______________and splits into the _________________.

A

Basilar artery
Brain stem
Posterior cerebral arteries

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30
Q

The PCAs supply_________parts of the brain

A

Posterior-inferior

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31
Q

Branches of the VA supply the_______

A

Brain stem

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32
Q

At the base of the brain the __________and the __________meet and make up the ___________.

A

Vertebral artery
ICAs
Circle of Willis

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33
Q

________and________ are connected by the Circle of Willis

A

Internal carotid

Vertebrals

34
Q

Blood flow at the level of capillaries is called

A

Cerebral perfusion

35
Q

During cerebral perfusion nutrients ________&_________are passed from___________ to _________.

A

Oxygen
Glucose
Capillaries
Neural tissue

37
Q

Perfusion is measured in

A

ml/100g min -1

38
Q

Gray matter perfusion =

A

60ml/100g min -1

39
Q

White matter perfusion=

A

30-40 ml/100g min -1

39
Q

Ischemic stroke occurs with complete or partial______ of arteries

A

Occlusion

40
Q

Perfusion below ___ results in necrosis

A

20 ml/100 g min -1

41
Q

Ischemic stroke is either _______ or ________

A

Thrombotic

Embolus

42
Q

Dead tissue is referred to as a

A

Lesion

43
Q

Area around the lesion that may not be getting enough perfusion for neural firing but is not (yet) dead is called

A

Ischemic penumbra

44
Q

Brain swelling around the lesion is usually referred to as

A

Edema

45
Q

Edema usually reaches peak around ____days post-stroke but clears up in the following days

A

3

46
Q

Atherosclerosis is associated with what type of ischemic stroke

A

Thrombotic

47
Q

Greater than ______% occlusion results in thrombotic stroke

A

70

48
Q

The site of occlusion of the artery is referred to as

A

Thrombus

49
Q

Emboli stroke is

A

A traveling mass (embolus) that occluded an artery

50
Q

An embolus may have been formed elsewhere…

A

In ventricles of the heart

Large blood vessels (breaks off from thrombus, breaks from arterial plaque)

51
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Ruptured blood vessels cause bleeding

52
Q

Causes of rupture

A

Weakened arterial walls (aneurysm or arterial venous malformation)
High and fluctuating blood pressure
Trauma to the blood vessel

53
Q

Types of hemorrhagic stoke

A

Intracerebral

Extra cerebral

54
Q

Sudden onset of stroke symptoms

A 
Headache
Vomiting
Coma
Paralysis
Sensory loss
Confusion
Memory loss
Speech lang problems
55
Q

Insidious processes (slow and gradual onset)

A

Tumors
Obstructive hydrocephalus
Toxic damage
Infections

56
Q

Primary brain tumors

A

Originate in the brain
Most common 25-50yr olds
Heredity and former sites of injury invoked

57
Q

Brain tumors

A

Benign or cancerous

Primary or metastatic

58
Q

Meningiomas

A

Tumors within the meninges
More localized
Focal symptoms
Most effectively removed

59
Q

Obstructive hydrocephalus

A

Swollen tissue may obstruct flow of cerebrospinal fluid
Intracranial pressure increases
Affects brain function

60
Q

Toxic damage

A

Drug overdose

Drug interactions

61
Q

Ischemic brain damage

A

Ischemic damage is due to lack of oxygen tissue

62
Q

What can cause ischemic brain damage

A

Breathing difficulties
Slowed heart rate
Constricted cerebral blood vessels

63
Q

Dementia

A

Acquired neurological syndrome associated with persistent and progressive deterioration in intellectual functions

*few cases dementia may be static… 10-20% may be reversible in varying degrees

64
Q

Brain damage associated with dementia is ______ as compared with focal damage in aphasia

A

Diffuse

65
Q

Causes of reversible dementia

A

Infections
Metabolic disorders
Drugs
Toxic factors

66
Q

Alzheimer’s disease causes roughly ______% of all reported dementia

A

50

67
Q

Other causes of dementia other than Alzheimer’s

A 
Vascular dementia
Pick disease
Parkinson's disease
Progressive supra nuclear palsy
Creutzfeldt-jacob disease
Huntingtons disease
68
Q

Dominant findings in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

Neurofibrillary tangles
Senile plaques
Granulovacuolar degeneration

69
Q

Other findings in AD patients

A 
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)--- gene
Acetylcholine (deficient neurotransmitter)
70
Q

Senile plaque

A

Minute areas of cortical and sub cortical tissue degeneration, disturb neuronal transmissions

71
Q

Granulovacuolar degeneration

A

Degeneration of nerve cells bc of formation of small fluid filled cavities containing granular debris

Often found in hippocampus

72
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles

A

Neurofibrils are filamentous structures in nerve cell body dendrites, and axons
Become twisted and tangles

73
Q

Explain word processing model

A

Sensation- detection of sound
Perception- detection of speech
Recognition- word recognition
Comprehension- word meaning

74
Q

Wernicke-lichtheim Model

A

Broca’s area lesions cause impairment in speech production
Wernicke’s area lesions cause impaired auditory comprehension
Disconnect between frontal and posterior lang areas causes conduction aphasia
A- auditory
M- motor
B- ideation

75
Q

Dual stream model

A

Ventral stream processes speech signals for comprehension
Dorsal stream maps acoustic speech signals to frontal lobe articulatory networks
Model assumes ventral system is largely bilaterally organized
Dorsal stream is strongly left-hemisphere dominant

76
Q

Brain mass is % of total body mass, yet it gets % of blood and uses up % of total oxygen and glucose in the blood stream.

A

2
20
20

77
Q

Main Arguments Against Classifying Aphasia into Types

A

The brain functions as an integrated unit in controlling language (Damasio)
Different sites of lesion affect most, if not all, language functions or modalities
Variations in fluency are due to variations in severity
Comprehension of spoken language is impaired in all patients, but only to varying degrees
Dominant symptoms do not create syndromes because they are present in other patients (presumably belonging to other syndromes)
The appearance of distinct syndromes is created by limited and biased observations that emphasize some symptoms while ignoring others
Longitudinal studies show that aphasic patients are similar in later stages

78
Q

Paraphasia

A

Unintended word or sound substitutions
Many consider it a central sign of aphasia
Generally absent in automatic speech
Different types of paraphasias

79
Q

Types of Paraphasia

A

Verbal paraphasia
Neologistic paraphasia
Phonemic (Literal) paraphasia

80
Q

Verbal paraphasia

A

Entire word is substituted.
Two types
Semantic: substituted word is similar in meaning to the one intended i.e. son for daughter.
Random: substituted and intended words are not semantically similar.

81
Q

Neologistic paraphasia

A

Use of a meaningless, invented word.

82
Q

Phonemic (Literal) paraphasia

A

Substitution of one sound for another i.e. ling for sing
or an addition of a sound i.e. sring for sing;
some part of the intended word is intact

Adult Language Disorders (7 decks)

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