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BIO 101 > Ch. 13 and 14 > Flashcards

Ch. 13 and 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

A
  1. thymine
  2. guanine
  3. cytosine
  4. adenine
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2
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA?

A
  1. uracil
  2. gunaine
  3. cytosine
  4. adenine
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3
Q

What are the complementary bases in DNA?

A
  1. adenine + thymine (A+T)
  2. guanine + cytosine (G+C)
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4
Q

What are the complementary bases in RNA?

A
  1. adenine + uracil (A+U)
  2. guanine + cytosine (G+C)
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5
Q

What kind of bond holds nitrogenous base pairs together?

A

hydrogen bonds

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6
Q

What discovery was Chargaff best known for?

A

concluding that in natural DNA, the number of G=C and the number of A=T

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7
Q

What are purines?

A

one of two nitrogenous bases characterized by a 6-membered ring fused to a 5-membered ring

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8
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

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9
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

one of two types of nitrogenous bases characterized by a 6-membered ring

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10
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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11
Q

What is a semiconservative model?

A

a type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one newly made strand

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12
Q

What is helicase?

A
  • an enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks
  • separates the two strands and makes them available as template strands
  • “scissors” that cut DNA in half
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13
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A
  • an enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the the 3’ end of an existing chain
  • “builders” that assemble nucleotides on DNA molecules
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14
Q

What is DNA ligase?

A
  • a linking enzyme that fills in the gaps made from Okazaki fragments to make on continuous strand
  • “glue” that patches DNA together
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15
Q

What is a replication bubble?

A

a loop that is generated by the unwinding of the double helix

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16
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

a Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized

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17
Q

In what direction is DNA always synthesized?

A

5’-3’ direction

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18
Q

What is a leading strand?

A

the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork

5’-3’ direction

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19
Q

What is a lagging strand?

A

a discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments synthesized away from the replication fork

5’-3’ direction

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20
Q

What is a lagging strand?

A

a discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments synthesized away from the replication fork

5’-3’ direction

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21
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A
  • short segments of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand
  • segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA
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22
Q

What is the flow of genetic information?

A
  • the “flow” of genetic info from DNA to RNA to proteins
  • through transcription and translation, info from genes is used to make proteins

“central dogma”

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22
Q

What is the flow of genetic information?

A
  • the “flow” of genetic info from DNA and RNA
  • through transcription and translation, info from genes is used to make proteins

“central dogma”

23
Q

What are triplets in genetic code?

A

refers to a set of 3 nucleotide bases that code for a certain amino acid

read 3 at a time to account for all 20 possible amino acids

24
Q

What is genetic code?

A
  • refers to the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein
  • uses 4 nucleotide bases in various ways to create 3-letter codons that specify which amino acid must be made
25
Q

What is transcription?

A
  • the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template
  • occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotes
26
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A
  • an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription
  • starts transcribing at the promoter
27
Q

What are the 3 stages of transcription?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
28
Q

What is initiation?

transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase binds to DNA’s promoter to begin transcription
  • promoter tells RNA polymerase where to settle itself on DNA and begin transcribing
29
Q

What is elongation?

transcription

A
  • RNA strand gets longer due to the addition of new nucleotides
  • RNA polymerase walks along the template strand in 3’-5’ direction
30
Q

What is termination?

transcription

A
  • the process of ending transcription in which RNA gets signals to stop transcribing
  • happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as the terminator
31
Q

What is messenger RNA?

mRNA

A

a type of RNA whose job is to carry protein info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where polypeptides are formed

32
Q

What is RNA splicing?

A

a process that removes introns from pre-RNA and joins exons together in order to enable translation

33
Q

What are introns?

A

non-coding, intervening sequences within a primary transcript that is removed during RNA processing

34
Q

What are exons?

A

sequences within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing

35
Q

What is transfer RNA?

tRNA

A
  • functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by picking up a specific amino acid and carrying it to the ribosome
  • recognizes the appropriate codons in the mRNA
36
Q

What is an anti-codon?

A

a group of 3 bases on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to an mRNA codon

37
Q

What is translation?

A
  • the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic info encoded in an mRNA molecule
  • includes a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids

occurs in ribosomes

38
Q

How many ribosomal subunits are there?

A

2; one big and one small

come from the cell’s nucleolus

39
Q

What is the P site?

A
  • holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
  • peptidyl-tRNA

middle site

40
Q

What is the P site?

A
  • holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain
  • peptidyl-tRNA

middle site

41
Q

What is the A site?

A
  • holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
  • aminioacyl tRNA

entrance site

42
Q

What is the E site?

A

the place where the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

exit site

43
Q

What are the 3 stages of translation?

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
44
Q

What is initiation?

translation

A

ribosome gets together with the mRNA and the first tRNA so translation can begin

45
Q

What is elongation?

translation

A
  • amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNAs and linked together to form a chain
  • composed of 3 steps: codon recognition, peptide bond formation, and translocation
46
Q

What is termination?

A

the finished polypeptide is released to go and do its job in the cell

47
Q

What are the 3 steps of elongation?

A
  1. codon regonition
  2. peptide bond formation
  3. translocation
48
Q

What are mutations?

A

changes in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA (or in a virus)

49
Q

What are the 2 types of small-scale nucleotide changes?

A
  1. substitution
  2. insertion/deletion
50
Q

What is nucleotide-pair substitution?

A

a type of point mutation that replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

51
Q

What is insertion/deletion?

A

additions or losses of nucleotides in a gene

52
Q

What are silent mutations?

A

substitutions that have no observable effect on the phenotype

ex: (in a gene) a codon that codes for the same amino acid

53
Q

What are missense mutations?

A

substitutions that result in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

54
Q

What are nonsense mutations?

A

mutations that change an amino acid codon to one of the 3 stop codons –> shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

55
Q

What are mutagens?

A

anything capable of causing a mutation

BIO 101 (11 decks)

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