theory Flashcards
what is treating the whole person. taking into account the social/mental and physical rather than just the physical symptoms
holism
the theory that relates scientific method to philosophy by affirming that all beings and events in the universe are natural. consequently, all things fall under the pale of scientific investigation
naturalism
the practice of analyzing and interpreting a complex phenomenon that are held to represent a simpler or more fundamental level. ie the idea that a person is a collection of atoms
humanism
the philosophy or theory that the main objective of the human experience is to pursue personal happiness and respect other humans. ie a person who works hard on a farm his entire life to be completely self-sustaining
objectivism
a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
rationalism
an approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.
pragmatism
school of scientific thought- starts with aristotle- that attempts to explain the nature of life as resulting from a vital force peculiar to living organisms and different from all other forces found outside living things
vitalism
the predominant form of materialism, which holds that natural phenomena can and should be explained by reference to matter and motion and their laws. a mechanism results in the interaction between human agents, intervention, and structures
mechanism
philosophical position that states that the universe and its various parts ought to be considered alive and naturally ordered, much like a living organism
organicism
devotion and belief in things- greed
materialism
ability to perform activities of daily living includes ROM, stability, strength and coordination
function
innate is part of the all wise, part of the creator
innate intelligence
god creator
universal intelligence
our brain power and the things that we learn via both formal and informal education
educated intelligence
what is cavitation?
is the formation of vapor and gas bubbles primarily carbon dioxide within the synovial fluid in a joint capsule through a local rapid reduction of pressure
the actual mechanical process of cavitation is called?
tribonucleation- decrease in pressure to viscous adhesion that also occurs between the two articular surfaces,
what does cavitation represent?
cavitation represents a physical event that includes- joint separation, stretching of periarticular tissues, and stimulation of joint mechanoreceptors.
what are some physiological changes when a cavitation is done?
- associated with transitory increase in PROM
- temporary increase in joint space
- increased joint separation
- 20 minute refractory period before cavitation can occur again.
joint fixation hypotheses offers an explanation for what?
why a joint is not moving as it should
- interarticular adhesions are due to?
- what reactions does spinal manipulation offer?
-development of adhesions between the articular surface of facet joints- joint injury, inflammation or immobilization-
- SM induces gapping of the facet joints, and if adhesions are the problem the gaping would lead to adhesions being broken up.
explain the interarticular block theory-
- restrictions are due to the product of some derangement within the synovial joint- arises from poorly coordinated spinal movements or sustained stressful postures that lead to entrapment or entrapment of the fibrous cap of the meniscoid.
- SM gap the joint allowing for the meniscoid to become free of the entrapment-
these people are health care professionals for the dx, care and prevention of disorders of the spine, as well as other parts of the musculoskeletal system
chiropractor
what is the focus of chiropractic?
maintaining proper spinal function and its relationship with the neurological system
what is chiropractic based on?
based on the premise that the nervous system functions to control and coordinate all organs and structures of the body, and relates the individual to ones environment
explain chiropractic foundation
abnormal or dysfunctional spinal movement can adversely impact nerve function- affecting the communication between the brain and the body
what is a subluxation
- spinal joint dysfunction- vertebral subluxation or VSC (complex) which is a condition of disturbed joint function
what does the chiropractic exam identify?
- identifies dysfunctional joints whether they are painful or not- joints can have disturbed biomechanics without pain or symptoms
what type of disturbed biomechanics can arise due to a dysfunctional joint
- reduced performance-
- alter load distrubution
- increase risk of injury
- accelerate joint degeneration without pain or other symptoms
what does the adjustment produce?
- applied to the joints can restore motion when bodys own muscles cannot
- helps to relieve pain, restore and maintain normal movement, biomechanics and function
what does function mean? what does it include?
- the ability to perform activities of daily living
- includes range of motion, flexibility, stability, strength and coordination
what percentage of patient complaint pertains to chiropractic care?
- back pain 60%
- other extremeties etc. 20%
- headache 10%
what is ACC
the association of chiropractic colleges
what consensus did ACC come to?
statement to promote a unified voice to the profession and the public in an attempt to further clarify the unique role the chiropractic profession serves.
what is the statement that ACC came up with
chiropractic is a health care discipline which emphasizes the inherent recuperative powers of the body to heal itself without the use of drugs or surgery
what do chiros do to heal the body without drugs or surgery? the ACC says?
- the practice of chiropractic focuses on the relationship between structure (spine) and function (ns) and how that relationship affects the preservation and restoration of health
- doctors of chiropractic recognize the value and resp. of ________ with other health care practitioners when in the best interest of the patient
- working in cooperation
what does the ACC advocate
- a profession that generates, develops and utilizes the highest level of evidence possible in the provision of effective prudent and cost conscious patient evaluation and care
what else does ACC say about chiropractic?
- the purpose of chiropractic is to optimize health- the bodys innate recuperative power is affected by and integrated through the nervous system
according to ACC what is a subluxation
is a complex of functional and or structural and or pathological articular changes that compromise neural integrity and may influence organ system function and general health
what are the subluxation models/
- faye 5 component model
- 9 component lantz model
- 3 component kent model,
-what is the faye model of subluxation?
- what is its primary emphasis ?
- what is a key to an adjustment?
- 5 component model of VSC
- primary emphasis on joint motion, fixation or loss of segmental mobility
- mobilize the fixation
what does the faye 5 component model of VSC consists of?
- neuropathophysiology
- kinesiopathology
- myopathology
- histopathology
- biochemical changes.
what is neuropathophysiology in faye 5 model
- what is it related to?
- how can this exist?
-facilitation, degeneration, decreased axoplasmic flow-
- related to pathological changes in physiology related to the nervous system.
- can exist in form of irritation, pressure or decreased axoplasmic flow- can also exist indep. or in combo.
what is kinesiopathology in faye 5 model
hypomobility, hypermobility, loss of joint play
what is myopathology in faye 5 model
spasm , atonia, includes hiltons law
what is histopathology in faye 5 model?
inflammation
what is biochemical changes in faye 5 model
hormonal and chemical effects
- Neuropathophysiology a part of faye 5- what is facilitation?
- what term relates to facilitation?
- what can the internal and external be described as?
- the term irritation relates to facilitation of afferent nerve cells, which lowers the threshold for firing- this may lead to the CNS receiving an inappropriate picture of what is really going on with the environment.
- internal and external can be broadly described as dysafferentation.
regarding faye 5 NPP- explain dysafferentation
- what parts of the spine could be effected and how.
- CNS received inappropriate picture of what is really going on in environment
this is dysafferentation- it may evoke activity of efferent neurons with nerve cell bodies located in the spinal cord. - the anterior horn of the spinal cord (motor function) may lead to hypertonicity of muscles or spasm. AND the lateral horn (visceral function) may lead to vasomotor changes like vasoconstriction. AND the posterior horn (sensory function) may lead to changes in sensation.
regarding NPP Faye 5
- what is the cause of compression
- what are the nerve fibers affected and what are the outcomes?
- what is the result of all types of compression
- increased pressure within a tissue, stretching, angulation, (abnormal bends around structures) or distortion to neural elements in or around the IVF (intervertebral foramen)- fascial layers, muscles with increased tone (hypertonicity)
- motor fx changes can include muscular atrophy, sensory changes can include decreased sensation (hypoesthesia) or altered sensation ( paresthesia)
- autonomic (visceral) fx changes include vasodilation and resultant vascular stasis
- degeneration over time
regarding NPP faye 5
- what is decreased axoplasmic flow- what is it tied to?
- this idea is included in what hypothesis?
- is there evidence for immune function?
- tied to the idea that large molecules (macromolecules) are not transported as efficiently - neurotrophic substances or substances that help provide necessarily materials for target cells.
- neuroimmune hypothesis
- there is no evidence to support spinal manipulation affects immune function
regarding faye 5
- what is kinesiopathology?
- what part of PART is this?
- lack of mobility associated with changes in nociceptive and mechanoreceptive reflex function that include proprioception.- shows up in the clinical manifestation of subluxation
- it is the R in PART
regarding faye 5
- what is myopathology?
- what law is associated with this?
- what part of PART is this?
- this includes spasm, hypertonicity from compensation or facilitation.
- Hiltons law- states that a nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles which move the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion of those muscles.
- T and possibly A of PART ( tight muscles)
regarding faye 5
- what is histopathology?
- what are the laws tied to this? define the laws.
- relates to inflammation and can result from trauma, irritation ties to hypermobility or as part of a tissue repair process.
- weigerts law: loss of destruction of a part of a joint is likely to result in compensatory replacement and and overproduction of tissue during the process of regeneration and repair.
- wolffs law: every change in the form and function of a bone is followed by definite changes in its internal architecture, and secondary alterations in its external conformation- internal changes will lead to external changes.
regarding faye 5
- what is biochemical changes?
- what does this result in?
- what is this often tied to?
- related to hormonal and chemical effects or imbalance tied to the pre-inflammatory stress syndrome.
- as result of trauma or lack of mobility in spinal joints, histamine, prostaglandin and bradykinin are produced and released- this results in altered aberrant- somatic input in the segmental levels of the spinal cord. (dysafferentation)
- often tied to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome and local adaptation syndrome
- the faye model proposes the adjustment affects _____ component directly and the other components indirectly.
- kinesiopathology component
- define selye’s general adaptation syndrome
- what are the 3 stages
- general adaptation syndrome or GAS- developed by hans Selye- describes the pattern of responses that the body goes through after being prompted by a stressor.
- the stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion - ARE!
- what is local adaptation syndrome?
- what are some characteristics?
- what are the two localized responses?
- LAS is response of a body tissue or organ or part to the stress of trauma, illness or other physiological change
- characteristics include- response localized- does not involve entire body system/ response is adaptive, stressor is necessary to stimulate/ response is short term- does not persist indefinitely/ response is restorative- restoring homeostasis to the body region or part.
- the two localized responses are REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.
regarding local adaptation syndrome:
- what is reflex pain response?
- localized response of the CNS to pain. adaptive response and protects tissue from further damage. response involves a sensory receptor, a sensory nerve from the spinal cord, and an effector muscle.
regarding local adaptation syndrome:
- what is the inflammatory response?
- stimulated by trauma or infection. localizes the inflammation containing spread and promotes healing. inflammatory response may produce localized pain, swelling, heat, redness and changes in functioning.
regarding local adaptation syndrome:
- what are the 3 phases of inflammatory response?
- first phase- narrowing of blood vessels occurs at the injury to control bleeding. Histamine is released at the injury, increasing the number of white blood cells to combat infection.
- second phase- characterized by release of exudates from the wound
- third phase- the last phase is repair of tissue by regeneration or scar formation. regeneration replaces damaged cells with identical or similar cells.
regarding GAS/ Stress syndrome:
- define the 3 stages and sub stages.
- GAS or Stress syndrome- characterized by chain of physiologic events.
- alarm reaction- initial rx of the body which alerts the body defenses- divided into 2 parts: shock phase and countershock phase
- stage of resistance- occurs when bodys adaptation takes place, the body attempst to adjust with the stressor and to limit the stressor to the smallest area of the body that can deal with it.
- stage of exhaustion- adaptation that the body made during the second stage cannot be maintained- the ways used to cope with the stressors have been exhausted.
what is the bodys reaction to stress
- stressors stimulate the sympathetic nervous system which stimulates the hypothalamus-
- the hypothalamus releases coricotrophin releasing hormone- during times of stress the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response.
regarding body reaction to stress:
- what is body responses to epinephrine?
- increase myocardial contractility- increasing cardiac output and blood flow to active muscles
- bronchial dilation which allows increased oxygen intake
- increased blood clotting
- increased cellular metabolism
- increased fat mobilization to make energy available and to synthesize other compound needed by the body
what are some physiological indicators of stress?
- pupils dilate to increase visual perception
- seat production
- increase heart rate and cardiac output
- skin is pallid due to constriction of vessels
- sodiaum and water retention increase
what is the rationale for adjustments according to faye?
- find the hypomobility
- use adjustments to mobilize the fixation
- recheck to confirm that movement has improved.
define doctors of chiropractic.
what is the focus of chiropractic?
- DC of chiropractic are health care professionals for the dx care and prevention of disorders of the spine as well as other parts of the musculoskeletal system
- the focus is on maintaining proper spinal function and its relationship with neuro system
what is chiropractic based on?
- the premise that the nervous system fx to control and coordinates all organs and structures of the body and relates the individual to ones environment
what is a subluxation
a technical term for spinal joint dysfunction - disturbed joint fx
explain the adjustment
- specifically applied to joints can restore motion when the body’s own muscles cannot.
- adjustments help relieve pain, as well as restore and maintain normal movement, biomechanics and fx.
what does function mean?
what does it include?
- the ability to perform activities of daily living
- includes range of motion, flexibility, stability, strength and coordination
what is dd palmer paradigm?
what did dd palmer start as ?
what was the publication he started?
what became a central defining aspect of chiropractic paradigm>
magnetic healer
- the magnetic cure
- dis-ease is a condition of not-diseas, lack of ease.
in 1902 what core tenets of chiro were in place?
- subluxation caused impinged nerves, which caused dysfunction - the adjustment of subluxation led to normal fx, improved tone and health. chiropractic was the cure for many diseases because it went directly to the cause.
in 1903 what did dd palmer develop?
- what governed what?
- what was central?
- theory of innate intelligence and educated intelligence
- innate governed the vital systems- interior processes and educated was in charge of the motor systems and looked out for exterior threats.
- central is adaptation
Who is AP Davis?
- med. doctor- naturopathic doctor, osteopath
- AT stills first class at kirkville
- published osteopathy illustrated in 1889 same year he became dd palmer 2nd student
what is davis’ theory?
- circulation of the body being effected by heat and cold.
- if blood flow is impeded the tissue fails to get what they need and emaciation ensues.
- goal is parasympathetics
who is OG (oakley) smith?
- dd palmer 10th student
- he started as a patient when he was in highschool
- he became protege and friends with bj
- he used SUBLUXATION
- eventually joined dd’s rival sol langworthy
who is sol langworthy?
- graduated from palmer in 1902- he is pioneer for TRACTION in chiropractic.
- he started the American School- with partners Smith and Paxson which was direct competitor with Palmer
- ## he wanted to include other health practices in school.
who is willard carver
- lawyer- helped dd and bj in separation- he also became a chiropractor and formed his own school
- taught first generation chiro’s- influence on chiro education.
- psychological theories into chiropractic- known for developing the structural school of chiropractic
- THE PRINCIPLE OF BASIC AND COMPENSATORY DISTORTION
what is the definition of principle of basic and compensatory distortion?
- when basic structure moves in relation to the body gravity line, relative and superimposed structures must alter their relation to that line or equilibrium is lost.
- when a weight bearing structure is distorted, nature automatically attempts to restore body balance by developing compensatory counter distortions. SFMA
- law of equilibrium- if the bottom floor is not level the floors above must compensate.
who is andrew still?
- founder of osteopathy 1874
- manipulation of joints and bones- to dx and treat illness.
who is sam weed?
- reverend weed coined the term chiropractic-
- chiro= hand and practic= to practice
who is mabel palmer?
- known as the first lady of chiropractic- author of first anatomy text for chiropractic (she was not the first female chiro)
- wife of BJ- professor of anatomy for 40 years
who is minor paxson
- the first femal chiropractic graduate
- co author of the first chiro text book
- first female to get a state license in Illinois
who is shegataro morikubo DC
- impacted chiropractic with landmark case ruling that chiro was separate and distinct with philosophy and science and art
who is john howard DC
- graduate of palmer opened his own college
- suggested that linguistic maneuvering for legal reasons
- wanted to reshape the profession along the lines of biomedical paradigm
who is leroy baker
- the first chiro student of DD palmer- did not graduate.
who were the first 2 graduates of palmer?
- william seeley was first then AP Davis was second
who was harvy lillard
he was the janitor who was first treated with the technique known as chiropractic by DD
where did the term subluxation come from?
- medical term adapted by DD to describe the phenomenon that he experienced in his newly discovered practice.
bj and subluxation
subluxation could occur only at the atlas because of unique position in relation to whole body function. “foot on the hose”
innate intelligence
- part of the all wise- innate is a part of the creator- innate spirit is a part of universal intelligence- individualized and personified.
what is universal intelligence
god- the universal intelligence- the life force of creation
what is educated intelligence
brain power and the things that we learn via both formal and informal education
what is vitalism
who was considered a vitalist/
- a theory that an organic molecule cannot be produced from INORGANIC molecules, but instead can only be produced from a living organism or some part of a living organism.
- vitalism suggested that an organic molecule such as urea cannot by synthesized
solely from inorganic sources. - DD considered himself a vitalist
the first state to license chiros was?
kansas 1913
the last state to license chiros is
louisiana 1974
who wrote the 33 principles of chiropractic?
RW stephenson and endorsed by BJ palmer
what are the core elements of cleveland chiropractic?
- the body is a self regulating and self healing organism with an innate ability to adapt to a changing environment
- the NS is the master system that regulates and controls all other organs and structures and relates the indiv. to his or her environment
- spinal biomechanical dysfunction in the form of vertebral subluxation complex may adversely affect the nervous system ability to regulate function
- the central focus of the doctor of chiropractic is to optimize patient health by correcting, managing or minimizing vertebral subluxation through the chiropractic spinal adjustment.
what is the Lantz’s 9 model
- describes the VSC vertebral subluxation complex by describing a hierarchy of orgnization and a pattern of inter relatedness of components.
- the common denominator is the focus on restricted motion and its affects on nervous system function
what are these?
A- kinesiologic
B- vascular
C- myologic
D- neurologic
E- connective tissue
F- inflammatory response
G- anatomic
H- physiologic
I- biochemic
regarding lantz 9 model
- what does kinesiologic rep?
- what does myologic rep?
- what does neurologic rep?
- what does vascular rep?
- what does connective tissue rep?
- kinesiologic= importance of motion
- myologic= tissue level comp of VSC/ muscles initiate and control movement
- neurologic- ties the nervous system to the system that ultimately controls movement
- vascular= nutrition to and removal waste products from all tissues
- connective tissue= limiting and stabilizing movement.
regarding lantz 9 model
- - what may the neurologic component affect?
- affect nerve roots, dorsal root, ganglia, spinal nerves, recurrent meningeal nerve, articular neurology and spinal reflex pathways.
- this can lead to perception of spinal joint pain.
regarding lantz 9 model
- how does connective tissue comp. make impact?
- impacts joint immobilization and associated connective tissue changes
- changes include synovial fluid- articular cart. might shrink. adhesions might form. cascade changes contribute to further loss of motion
regarding lantz 9
- what is the vascular component
- related to the anatomical arrangement of segmental artery and veins passing back through the IVF supplying a motion seg. including the dorsal and ventral nerve roots.
regarding lantz 9 model
- what is the inflammatory comp.
- related to chemical radiculits or inflammation surrounding tissues altering nerve function.
- inflamed dorsal root ganlion can cause an action potential discharge to continue after the mechanical stimulus has ceased.
what is the 3 component kent model
- the 3 DYS’s
dyskinesia, dysponesis, dysautonomia
regarding kents 3 model
what is dyskinesia?
the distortion of difficulty with or impairment of voluntary movement- changes may be segmental or regional- VSC models all tie nicely to motion
regarding kents 3 model
what is dysponesis
- reversible pathophysiologic state consisting of unnoticed, misdirected neurophysiologic reactions through out the organism.
- emotions and thought included
- errors in energy expenditure, errors in action potential output from the motor and premotor areas of the cerebral cortex that may result in longer appropriately responding and adapting to the environment due to subluxation.
regarding kent 3
- what is dysautomonia
- functional abnormalities of the autonomic nervous system. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems primarily tied to visceral function.
what is afferentation
the input of sensory information from a body part to the brain
what is dysafferentation
- a dysfunction of afferentation or input ot the CNS
- spinal biomechanical dysfunction may result in alteration of normal nociception, mechanoreception or both, increase in nociceptor input and a reduction in mechanoreceptor input
regarding nociceptive axons
- what is hooshmand description?
- describes the mechanism as restricted joint mobility resulting in decreased firing of large diamter mechanoreceptors axons type II and increased firing of nociceptive axons type III and c-fibers - type IV
does pain have receptors?
- no pain is an interpretation of the CNS that occurs in the brain as a result of information that it receives
what does henderson propose regarding how an adjustment affects dysafferentation ?
-altered somatic afferent input theory- proposes that spinal adjustments may normalize articular afferent input and reestablish normal nociceptive and kinesthetic reflex thresholds
what does kent propose?
- aberrated afferent input to the CNS may lead to DYSPONESIS
- dysponisis is a reversible physiopathologic state consisting of unnoticed, misdirected neurophysiologic reactions to various agents and the reercussions of these reactions throughout the organism.
- agents involved in the condition of dysponesis can include environmental events, body sensation, emotion and thoughts
- correction or reduction of vertebral subluxtion FACILITATES the restoration of proper tone throughout the nervous system
what is salutogenesis?
- the origins of health and focuses on factors that support human health and well being rather than on factors that cause disease-
- salutogenic model concerned with the relationship between health, stress, and coping through a study of holocaust survivors.
what is Seamans proposal?
- symptom relief and health improvement following chiropractic adjustments is the restoration of normal afferent input.
- joint restriction reduces large diameter afferent nerve fiber input from MECHANORECEPTORS IN THE ARTICULAR CAPSULE AND FROM INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE SPINE (HILTONS LAW) leads to excitation of type III and C-fibers producing autonomic symptoms, pain, sympathetic vasoconstriction and reflex muscle spasm.
what other connection does Seaman make in the mechanism of the adjustment?
- emotion, descending inhibitory pathways can influence and may be affected by emotions.
what is aberrant spinal reflex hypothesis?
- VSC affects the NS (body reflexes- such as muscular contraction and glandular secretion- heart beat, respiration, digestive and postural adjustments.
what is the refex arc?
- receptor stimulus (skin) - in through dorsal horn- is an actual horn
- sensory neuron- integration center (lateral horn)
- motor neuron from anterior horn (near the crack)
- to the effector (muscle)
what is somatosomatic reflex?
- receptor and effector are part of somatic division of PNS
- somatic supplies and recieves info from skin, skeletal muscles, joints and tendons
- visceral division of PNS supplies and receives info from smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands.
- visceral motor fibers make up the ANS
what are the 4 types of spinal reflexes?
- somatosomatic- afferents and efferents are somatic nerve fibers
- viscerovisceral- afferents and efferents are visceral sensory fibers and autonomic nerve fibers
- somatovisceral- afferents are somatic sensory fibers and efferents are autonomic efferent fibers
- viscerosomatic- afferents are visceral sensory fibers and efferents are somatic motor nerve fibers.
aberrant spinal reflex hypothesis-
- joint subluxation can alter spinal reflexes adversely
- irvin korr
- demonstrated that a number of nervous system changes occur associated with movement restriction in the afferent receptors and heightened reflexive activity at spinal cord levels assoc. with palpable lesions.
- korr says this is FACILITATION- FACILITATED SEGMENT- FACILITATED LESION
- korrs theory of facilitation is included in most models of vertebral subluxation complex
what are korrs thoughts on facilitation?
- the spinal adjustment influences facilitation both directly and indirectly
- directly- the joint and muscle receptors in the are produce a reflex response that modifies or inhibits the current facilitated reflex activity. - this causes relaxation of the paraspinal muscles.
- indirectly- the adjustment normalizes joint mechanics, removing the dysfunction that produces abnormal levels of spinal reflex activity that resulted in a facilitated segment in the first place.
what is a somatosomatic reflex- example?
who/what is related to this thought?
- occurs when a stimulus at one area of the musculoskeletal system produces reflex activity in the nervous systemm which is then exhibited elsewhere in the musculskeletal system
- deep tendon reflexes are the most well known example
- related to this is role of interneurons of the dorsal horn in pain inhibition.
explain Walls gate control theory - somatosomatic reflexes of interneurons of the dorsal horn
- afferent inhibition occurs due to mechanically activating the large, fast conducting alpha fibers type Ia and Ib fibers which in turn inhibit the synaptic transmission of signals interpreted as pain by blocking the synaptic gates normally used by the smaller c fibers.
what is the wyke theory
- wyke suggests spinal manipulation stretches mechanoreceptors in the joint capsule type II leading to an inhibitory effect, mediated through spinal cord interneurons on nociceptive activity
what is proprioceptive insult hypothesis
- subcomponenet of somatosomatic reflex model - receptors in the highly innervated soft tissue in and around joints become irritated leading to reflex modification in postural tone and neural integration of postural activities.
- JANSE PROPOSES AN AFFERENT BARRAGE OF IMPULSES INTO THE NS DISTURBS EQUILIBRIUM, CREATING SOMATOSOMATIC REFLEXES AND CAUSING ABERRANT SOMATOVISCERAL AND SOMATOPSYCHIC REFLEXES.
- Koors facilitation would be muscle spasm or hypertonicity of skeletal muscle
what is somatovisceral reflex theory
- aka somatosympathetic, or somatoautonomic-
- stimulus to nerves or receptors related to spinal structures produces reflexive responses influencing function in visceral organs.
- indirect effect from spinal nerves and visceral organs through interaction with the autonomic ganglia or through vasomotor responses to vasculature supplying the visceral organ.
- this theory explains mechanism of tachycardia- hypertension etc.
( there are no direct connections between spinal nerves and visceral organs, this theory proposes an indirect effect )
what is viscersomatic reflex
- occurs when a stimulus to nerves or receptors related ot visceral organs produces reflexive response influencing function in the musculoskeletal system - examples are asthma- causing muscle tension and joint function/ colic / ab pain/ functional GI pain.
- patient with muscular skeletal symptoms cause by visceral condition may not respond to manual therapies- many visceral conditions refer pain to other areas of the body. - this is why history taking is important
Ib
sensory only
- golgi tendon organ- afferent
- largest diameter
- fastest
- yes to myelin
PROPREOCEPTION
II
- sensory only- fLOWER SPRAY ENDING
- secondary afferent of muscle spindles, touch pressure
- medium
- medium speed
- yes to mylin
PROPREOCEPTION AND MECHANORECEPTORS
Ia
- sensory only
- muscle spindles afferent
- largest
- fastest
- myelin yes
PROPREOCEPTION
III
- sensory only
- touch, pressure, fast pain temp.
- small diameter
- med. conductive
- yes to myelin
NOCICEPTOR, THERMORECEPTOR, MECHANORECEPTORS
IV
- sensory only
- pain temp, OLFACTION
- small diameter
- slowest
- NO MYELIN
NOCICEPTORS, THERMORECEPTORS
C
- sensory and motor
- slow pain, post ganglia, olfaction ANS
- smallest
- slowest
- NO MYELIN
ANS
B
- sensory and motor
- preganglionic, ANS
- small
- med conductivity
- yes to myelin
ANS
A alpha
- sensory and motor
- largest
- fastest
- myelin
A beta
- sensory and motor
- touch pressure
- med. diameter
- med speed
- yes to myelin
A gamma
- sensory and motor
- muscle spindles
- med. diameter
- med. speed
- yes to myelin
A delta
- sensory and motor
- touch pressure, temp, fast pain
- small
- med.
- yes to myelin
regarding selye:
during the stress response:
- what happens to the to the hormones?
- what happens to the cardiac region?
- there is a stress hormone release
- increased cardiac output vasoconstriction/ blood pressure increase/ BP increases to move the hormones through the system faster
regarding selye and stress response:
- what type of catabolic activities occur?
- what type of anabolic activities occur?
- what effect does this have on immunity?
- there is uptick in catabolic activities/ this breaks down the body because we need all these energy stores quickly for acute stress situations
- this will decrease healing, growth and repair (anabolic activities) over a long period of time if the stress becomes chronic
- this will decrease immunity due to the high degree of metabolic expense. Energy used makes the individual tired especially during long stressful period.
regarding selye and the stress response:
- how does the stress effect the brain and learning?
- what is the brain focused on during these times?
- what happens to the brain cells- in what specific area especially?
- what is the brain then trained to anticipate- and not able to concentrate on long term memory?
- factual learning decreases during stress brain activity
- brain is focused only on the task or danger at hand
- the brain cells shrink under long tern stress- esp. in the hippocampus
- this stress event trains the brain to anticipate a future event- and not long term memory.
regarding selye and stress response:
- what tends to increase under stress response?
- what is an example of this?
- increase in sensitivity to sensory organs to survive - if they are consistently being stimulated the can’t concentrate due to exhaustion-
- example would be adhd and test taking
regarding selye and stress response:
- what happens to cholesterol
- what happens to blood sugar and fatty acids
- cholesterol increases and blood starts to clott
- increase in blood sugar and fatty acids for burning and energy to survive
regarding selye and stress response:
- what is a stressor
- what is stress response
- any time you eat, move or think that is not conducive to health or lack of movement.
- stress response is an intelligent response by the body.
regarding selye and chronic response:
- what does acute stress that becomes chronic create?
- what can this lead to?
- what model is this related to?
- it creates a situation that is not temporary
- can lead to a decrease in growth, repair, brain function, organ function and immune function.
- this is related to the biochemical response of the Faye subluxation model
regarding UMN pathways:
corticospinal tract:
- where does it travel from- to?
- what is the major function of this pathway?
- what does this control primary?
- where does the tract begin?
- injuries to the lateral cortical tract results in?
- ultimately corticospinal neurons synapse with ?
- travels from the motor cortex to lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
- fine boluntary motor control of the limbs- voluntary body posture adjustments
- controls primary motor activity for the somatic motor system from the neck to the feet. involved in voluntary movements-
- the tract begins in the primary motor cortex where the soma of pyramidal neurons are located within cortical layer V
- ipsilateral paralysis- inability to move, paresis- decreased motor strength- and hypertonia- increased tone for muscles innervated caudal to the level of injury
- they synapse directly onto alpha motor neurons for direct muscle control
regarding reticulospinal tract:
- origins
- involved mainly in?
-
clinical sig. of the reticuloST
regarding neurons:
- what is neuron derived from?
- what is the cell body?
- what is a dendrite?
- what is the axon?
- what is the telodendria?
- what is the ganglia?
- neuron is derived from ectoderm, from the neural tube, neural crest cells or ectodermal placodes
- trophic: contains the nucleus and metabolic machinery of the cell
- receptive: form extensions into tissues that may synapse to one or many other neurons
- conductive: a long cytoplasmic process also called the nerve fiber- can transmit nerve impulses over a long distance without diminution of amplitude of the signal.
- transmissive: the terminal branches of an axon- make contact with other neurons at synapse
- groups of neuron cell bodies that lie peripheral to the CNS in vertebrates
describe the transmission of an action potential.
The nerve impulse is electrical that passes as a wave along the surface membrane of a nerve fiber. Normally the nerve cell is resting potential based on the concentration of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside
nodes of ranvier
periodic gap in the insulating sheath myelin on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses. Nodes of ranvier are approx. 1 um wide and expose the neuron membrane to the external environment.
oligodendrocytes
- specialized glial cells that wrap themselves around neurons present in the CNS-
- primarily responsible for maintenance and generation of the myelin sheath that surround axons
- they also participate in axonal regulation and the sculpting of higher order neuronal circuits.
astrocytes
-
satellite cells
small cuboidal cells that surround clusters of neuron cell bodies called ganglia
what is neuronal circuitry- what does it include?
the general parts of the neuronal circuitry include three basic types of neurons-
- primary sensory or afferent
- motor or efferent neurons
- interneurons
what do primary sensory neurons carry?
they are afferent neurons - carry impulses from free nerve endings or receptor cells into the central nervous system
what is the general structure of the spinal cord?
- the grey matter lies on the interior of the cord- whit matter lies exterior
- grey matter resembles the letter H- with the upper arms called the dorsal columns or horns and the lower arms called the ventral columns or horns
- the grey commissure makes up the cross arm of the H and transmits fibers from on side of the cord ot the other
- the external white matter is divided into right and left sides by the doromedian sulcus and the ventromedian fissure
- the dorsal horn of the cord receives terminations of primary sensory neurons
- the ventral horn contains the dendrites and cell bodies of motor neurons
what is the most likely place for nerve root compression?
the IVF- an extended interpedicular zone- tunnel- transforaminal ligaments create functional compartments within the IVF that reduce the functional compartment or space available for the spinal nerve and roots.
sandoz 4 phase model of degeneration
kirkaldy-willis 3 phase model of degeneration
korr
Mense model
evans minimal energy theory
