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FM1010 Biochemistry > TMC 1 > Flashcards

TMC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How big is the human genome, how many base pairs in the human genome?

A

3,000,000,000 base pairs of DNA

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2
Q

How many copies of the human genome in a somatic cell?

A

2 copies

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3
Q

How many chromosomes in a human somatic cell?

A

46

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4
Q

How many chromosomes in a single human genome?

A

23

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5
Q

How many genes in the human genome

A

Over 80,000

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6
Q

How many protein coding genes in the human genome?

A

21000

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7
Q

How many non-coding genes in the human genome?

A

60000

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8
Q

What is the difference between a protein coding gene and a non-coding RNA gene?

A

Coding genes encode proteins - mRNAs
Non-coding genes encode rRNAs, tRNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs

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9
Q

Name the bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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10
Q

Name the bases in RNA

A

Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

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11
Q

What are the DNA base pairing rules?

A

Adenine pairs with thymine held by 2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine pairs with cytosine held by 3 hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What is the difference between dATP and ATP?

A

There is a hydroxyl group connected to carbon 2 of ATP but only a hydrogen atom to carbon 2 in dATP

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13
Q

Which sugar is present in DNA and which sugar is present in RNA?

A

DNA - dATP
RNA - ATP

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14
Q

What is the N-glycosyl bond?

A

Joins the bases to the ribose molecule in RNA and to the deoxyribose in DNA
Involves a N on the base and carbon 1 on the sugar

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15
Q

Describe cytosine’s structure

A

Pyrimidine with oxygen attached to C2, and amino group attached to C4

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16
Q

Describe thymine’s structure.

A

Pyrimidine with oxygen attached to C2 and C4, and methyl group attached to C5

17
Q

Describe uracil’s structure.

A

Pyrimidine with oxygen attached to C2 and C4

18
Q

Describe adenine’s structure.

A

Purine with amino group attached to C4

19
Q

Describe guanine’s structure.

A

Purine with oxygen attached to C4 and amino group attached to C2

20
Q

What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

A

A pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic molecule (like benzene)
with a nitrogen (N) atom at positions 1 and 3
A purine is a pyrimidine fused to an imidazole ring

21
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines, and which are purines?

A

Pyrimidines - uracil, thymine, cytosine
Purines - adenine, guanine

22
Q

What is the sugar molecule in DNA and RNA respectively?

A

Deoxyribose, Ribose

23
Q

List the precursors of DNA

A

dATP
dGTP
dCTP
dTTP

23
Q

List the precursors of DNA

A

dATP
dGTP
dCTP
dTTP

24
Q

List the precursors of RNA

A

ATP
CTP
UTP
GTP

25
Q

What is meant by 5’, 5’ phosphate, 3’ and 3’OH in DNA and RNA?

A

A strand of DNA or RNA has direction
The strand goes from the phosphate at the carbon 5 on the sugar to the hydroxyl group on the carbon 3 of the sugar. Thus, the direction of a strand is from the 5’ phosphate to the 3’ -OH. Typically, this is written as 5’ to 3’

26
Q

List the 12 key aspects of the structure of DNA?

A

2 strands
Anti-parallel
Base pairing rules
Hydrogen bonds
Double helix
Base project into the middle of the helix
Phosphates on the outside like a backbone
Minor groove and major groove
One turn is approx. 10.5 base pairs
Complementary strands
Able to tell the sequence of one strand if you know the sequence of the other
Right-handed helix

27
Q

Explain what is meant by anti-parallel strands

A

One strand goes in a 5’ to 3’ direction
Its complementary strand goes in a 3’ to 5’ direction

28
Q

Describe the B form of DNA.

A

Right-handed helix
Pitch of 3.4 microns
10bps in one full DNA turn
0.34 nm distance between each base pair
Major groove is 2.2nm wide
Minor groove is 1.2nm wide

29
Q

What is RNA secondary structure and how can it form?

A

Complementary regions within RNA molecules can base pair with each other and form different types of secondary structure - intra-strand base pairing
Common structures include hairpins, stem loops and pseudoknots

FM1010 Biochemistry (21 decks)

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