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Bio-121 > Unit 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 4 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Binary Fission

A

The process whereby prokaryotic cells divide

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells spend the majority of time in which phase?

A

Interphase

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3
Q

M Phase

A

the time during which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells

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4
Q

Interphase

A

the time between M phases
Interphase lasts 10−14 hours
Cell makes preparations for division:
i. replication of DNA in the nucleus
ii. increase in cell size

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5
Q

G1 (first “gap”) phase

A

-the size and protein content of the cell increases in preparation for the S phase
-regulatory proteins are made and activated

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6
Q

S (Synthesis) phase

A

the entire DNA content in the nucleus of the cell is replicated

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7
Q

G2 (second gap) phase

A

the cell prepares for mitosis and cytokinesis

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8
Q

G0 phase

A

-differs from G1 because there is no preparation taking place for cell division
-this phase is present in cell types that do not actively divide: liver and nerve cells

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

carry the same set of genes, one from the mother and one from the father

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10
Q

haploid

A

Cells with one complete set of chromosomes

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11
Q

A cell with a diploid number of 8 contains…

A

Two sets of 4 chromosomes

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12
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes condense
Centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite poles

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13
Q

Prometaphase (Mitosis)

A

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

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14
Q

Kinetochores

A

-Proteins that associate with centromeres
- Each kinetochore associates with a sister chromatid to form the attachment site for a single microtubule
-Ensure that each sister chromatid is attached to a microtubule radiating from one of the poles of the cell

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15
Q

Metaphase (Mitosis)

A

Chromosomes align in he center of the cell

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16
Q

Anaphase (Mitosis)

A

Sister chromatids (which become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits) separate and travel to opposite poles

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17
Q

Telophase (Mitosis)

A

Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense

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18
Q

Cytokinesis (Animal)

A

Actin filaments form the contractile ring perpendicular to the spindle axis; the ring contracts and pinches the cell into two

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19
Q

Cytokinesis (Plant)

A

Formation of the cell plate which eventually becomes the cell wall

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20
Q

Where does mitotic cell division occur?

A

occurs only in specialized germ cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells

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21
Q

Properties of Meiotic Cell Division

A

Results in four daughter cells

Each daughter cell contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent

Each daughter cell is genetically unique

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22
Q

Synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes pair with each other gene for gene to form a bivalent

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23
Q

Chiasmata

A

Homologous chromosomes of maternal origin and paternal origin
undergo an exchange of DNA segments

24
Q

Metaphase I

A

meiotic spindle is fully formed and bivalents move to center of cell

25
Q

Anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes of each bivalent separate but sister chromatids do not split

26
Q

Telophase I

A

chromosomes relax, nuclear envelopes reappear, cytoplasm divides

27
Q

End Result of Meiosis I

A

Two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (in humans)

28
Q

Prophase II

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes condense

29
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell

30
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids separate

31
Q

Telophase II

A

the nuclear envelope reforms

32
Q

Fertilization

A

gametes fuse to form a single cell called a zygote, restoring the original chromosome number (diploid)

33
Q

G1/S Cyclin-CDK complex

A

-active at the end of G1
- prepares the cell for S phase

34
Q

S Cyclin-CDK complex

A
  • initiates DNA synthesis during the S phase
  • activates protein complexes involved in DNA replication
35
Q

M Cyclin-CDK complex

A
  • active at end of G2 and beginning of M
  • initiates multiple events associated with mitosis
36
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A

Allow cells to pause the cell cycle if something is not right

37
Q

DNA damage checkpoint

A

checks for damaged DNA before it enters S phase

38
Q

DNA replication checkpoint

A

checks for the presence of un-replicated DNA before the cell enters mitosis

39
Q

Spindle assembly checkpoint

A

checks for attachment of all chromosomes to the spindle before the cell progresses with mitosis

40
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism or cell

41
Q

phenotype

A

an individual’s observable characteristics

42
Q

A allele

A

most common, normal beta-globin function

43
Q

S-allele

A

affects Beta-globin fucktion, associated with sickle cell amneia

44
Q

C allele

A

affects beta-gobin function, associated with mild amneia

45
Q

transmission genetics

A

the manner in which genetic difference among individuals are passed down from generation to generation

46
Q

blending inheritance

A

traits in the offspring resemble the average of those in the parents

47
Q

true breeding organisms

A

the physical appearance of the offspring in each successive generation is identical to the previous one

48
Q

The Principle of Segregation

A

separation of alleles int o different gametes

49
Q

Helicase Function in DNA Replication

A

unwinds DNA duplex

50
Q

Topoisomerase II Function in DNA Replication

A

relieves the stress of unwinding

51
Q

Origin of Replication

A

section of DNA where replication begins

52
Q

Replication of Circular DNA

A

replication starts at the origin and moves around the circular chromosome in both directions (1 ORI)

53
Q

Replication of Linear DNA

A

rate: 50 nucleotides/second
a chromosome replicates because it has multiple ORIs

54
Q

lagging strand

A

3’ end pointing away from the replication fork
synthesized in short, discontinuous polymers called okazaki fragments

55
Q

leading strand

A

3’ end points toward the replication fork
synthesized as one long, continuous polymer as the parental strand is unwound

Bio-121 (14 decks)

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