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AP Psych > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failing to see visible object when your attention is directed elsewhere

Monkey video

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2
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness

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3
Q

Sensation

A

The process of receiving and representing stimulus energies through the nervous system

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4
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Sensory nerve ending that respond to stimuli

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5
Q

Perception

A

Process of organizing and interpreting info sensory information

Lets us recognize meaningful objects and events

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6
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Sensation
Sensory receptors&raquo_space;> brain’s integration of sensory info

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7
Q

Top-down processing

A

Info processed by higher level mental processes

Constructing perceptions based on experiences and expectations

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8
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

Exposed to something and then wanting it later

Seeing a product on tv and then wanting to buy it later

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9
Q

Selective attention

A

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli

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10
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

Being able to pay attention to one voice in a loud room

If someone says your name your consciousness immediately brings that voice into attention

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11
Q

Change blindness

A

Failing to notice changes in the environment

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12
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another that the brain can use

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13
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationships between the physical energy we can detect and its effects on our psychological experiences

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14
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

Studied our awareness of faint stimuli (absolute threshold)

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15
Q

Absolute threshold

A

MINIMUM stimuli necessary to detect a particular stimuli 50% of the time

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16
Q

Signal detection theory

A

How and when we detect stimuli amid background stimulation

Assumes there is no single absolute threshold

Detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivations, and alertness

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17
Q

Subliminal

A

Below one’s threshold for CONSCIOUS awareness

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18
Q

Priming

A

Unconsciously activating associations that predispose people’s perception, memory, or cognition

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19
Q

Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference)

A

MINIMUM stimulus difference a person can DETECT half the time

Ex. Probably notice TV volume going from 10 to 15, but not 40 to 45

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20
Q

Weber’s Law

A

To be perceived as different, 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum PERCENTAGE,
NOT a constant AMOUNT

(Difference threshold but with percentages)

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21
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Going nose-blind
Not feeling the clothes you’re wearing

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22
Q

Perceptual set

A

Mental dispositions to perceive one thing and not another

What we expect to see is often influenced by what is around us

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23
Q

Context effect

A

Someone 6’9 will look short standing next to someone 7’9

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24
Q

Motivation on perception

A

Motivation gives us energy as we work toward a goal

Thirsty person will perceive a water bottle as closet than it actually is

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25
Q

Emotion on perception

A

Emotion can push perceptions one way or another

Hearing sad music can make people hear the sadder versions of words (mourning instead of morning)

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26
Q

ESP (Extrasensory Perception)

A

Controversial
Perception can occur apart from sensory input
Ex.
Telepathy - reading minds
Clairvoyance - perceiving remote events (house fire in different state)
Precognition - telling the future

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27
Q

Parapsychology

A

Study of paranormal phenomena

Ex.
ESP
Psychokinesis - moving stuff with your mind

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28
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.
Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

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29
Q

Hue

A

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light

What we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

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30
Q

Intensity

A

The amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave
Influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness
Intensity is determined by the wave’s AMPLITUDE (height).

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31
Q

Color - Short Wavelength

A

High frequency
Blue colors

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32
Q

Color - Long wavelength

A

Low frequency
Red colors

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33
Q

Color - High amplitude

A

Bright colors

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34
Q

Color - Small amplitude

A

Dull colors

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35
Q

Cornea

A

The eye’s clear, protective outer layer

Covers the pupil and iris

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36
Q

Pupil

A

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

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37
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye
Controls size of pupil opening

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38
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil
Changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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39
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive inner surface of eye
Contains rods and cones

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40
Q

Accommodation

A

Eyes’ lenses change shape to focus near/far objects on the retina

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41
Q

Rods

A

Black and white
120 million
Useful for seeing in dim lighting

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42
Q

Cones

A

6 million
Colors
Good for seeing details

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43
Q

Optic nerve

A

Carries neural impulses from eye to the brain

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44
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Connect rods and cones with the ganglion cells

45
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Form the optic nerve

46
Q

Fovea

A

central focal point in the retina

Where the eye’s cones cluster

47
Q

Blind spot

A

Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye

No receptor cells located there

48
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

Theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors: red, green, and blue

Can produce the perception of any color when combined

49
Q

Afterimages

A

Red + Green
Blue + Yellow
White + Black

50
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-vellow, white-black) enable color vision.

51
Q

Feature detectors

A

Nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

52
Q

Parallel processes

A

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously

Motion, form, depth, color

53
Q

Process of seeing

A

Retinal processing
(rods/cones > bipolar cells > ganglion
cells)
Feature detection
(edges, lines, angles)
Parallel processing
Recognition

54
Q

Gestalt

A

Organized form/whole
We tend to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

55
Q

Figure-ground

A

Specific figures stand out from surroundings (ground)

56
Q

Grouping

A

Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Proximity
Continuity
Closure

57
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to see in 3D

Allows us to judge distance

Partly innate

58
Q

Visual cliff

A

Laboratory device to test depth perception in babies and animals

59
Q

Monocular cues

A

Depth cues available to either eye alone

Linear perspective
Interposition (one object blocks another, we perceive it as closer)
Relative height
Relative size
Relative motion
Light and shadow
Texture and gradient

60
Q

Proximity

A

We group objects that are close together

61
Q

Similarity

A

We group things that look similar

62
Q

Binocular cues

A

Can only be seen with both eyes

Retinal disparity (brain takes left and right eye view to create 3D object)
Convergence (brain takes left and right eye view to judge distance)

63
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Illusion where quick blinking lights look like a single light is moving

64
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.

65
Q

Color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if lighting seems to alter the color

66
Q

Light constancy

A

Perceiving an object to have consistent brightness even if surround lighting changes

67
Q

Shape constancy

A

Perceiving familiar shapes of objects as constant

Door stays the same shape even if it looks different as it’s opening

68
Q

Size constancy

A

Perceiving objects as having an unchanged size even as distance varies

69
Q

Perceptual adaptation

A

Ability to adjust to an changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

70
Q

Audition

A

Sense of hearing

71
Q

Hearing: Amplitude

A

Loudness

72
Q

Frequency

A

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

73
Q

Pitch

A

Tone’s experienced highness or lowness

74
Q

Hearing - short wavelength

A

High frequency
High pitch

75
Q

Hearing - long wavelength

A

Low frequency
Low pitch

76
Q

Hearing - high amplitude

A

Loud

77
Q

Hearing - low amplitude

A

Soft/Quiet

78
Q

Outer ear

A

Sound waves travel through AUDITORY CANAL to the EARDRUM

79
Q

Middle ear

A

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea

Vibrations of HAMMER, ANVIL, and STIRRUP are transmitted to cochlea

80
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid filled tube in inner ear

Triggers nerve impulses when sound waves pass through

81
Q

Inner ear

A

Innermost part of ear
Cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs

82
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Connects to auditory nerves which go to auditory cortex

83
Q

Conduction hearing loss

A

Less common
Damage to mechanical systems that sends sound waves to cochlea

84
Q

Sensesorineural hearing loss

A

Damage from repeated exposure to loud noises

85
Q

Cochlea implant

A

Device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.

86
Q

Place theory

A

Theory that links the pitch we hear with the part of the cochlea that is stimulated

High pitched sounds

87
Q

Frequency theory

A

Theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone

Low pitched sounds

88
Q

Types of touch

A

Pressure
Warmth
Cold
Pain

89
Q

Sensation of hot

A

Warm + cold

90
Q

Biological influences of pain

A

• activity in spinal cord’s large and small fibers
• genetic differences in endorphin production
• the brain’s interpretation of central nervous system activity

91
Q

Psychological influences of pain

A

• attention to pain
• learning based on experience
• expectations

92
Q

Social influences of pain

A

• presence of others
• empathy for others’ pain
• cultural expectations

93
Q

Phantom limb sensations

A

Feeling pain in a limb that was amputated

94
Q

Tinnitus

A

Phantom sounds
Ringing in the ear

95
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

Spinal cord has neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to reach the brain

96
Q

Pain treatment

A

Procedures
Drugs
Placebos
Distractions

97
Q

Taste buds

A

Over 200
Catches food chemicals

98
Q

Age and taste

A

Growing older = decreasing taste buds and taste sensitivity

99
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

100
Q

Anosmia

A

People unable to smell

101
Q

Odor molecules

A

Different shapes/sizes

350+ receptor proteins needed to recognize different odor molecules

102
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Receives neural input about odors detected by cells in the nasal cavity

103
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Sensory nerve that conveys sense of smell

104
Q

Smell greatly influences _______

A

Taste

105
Q

Kinesthesis

A

System for sensing the position and movement on individual body parts

Brain is updated on position of body parts

106
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Sense of balance, body movement and position

Semicircular canals

107
Q

Sensory interaction

A

Principal that one sense may influence another

Ex. Smell and taste

108
Q

Embodied cognition

A

influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

109
Q

Synesthesia

A

When one sensation (hearing a sound) produces another (seeing a color)

AP Psych (14 decks)

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