Module 5

Question 1

What is illness behaviour?

Answer 1

is any activity undertaken by a person who feels ill

Question 2

The first step of illness behaviour:

Answer 2

Initially, illness behaviour is aimed at determining what is wrong:
Physician visit
Self-diagnosis and treatment
Pharmacist’s advice
Lay referral system  just ask friends or family (non-medical professionals)

Question 3

After a diagnosis, illness behaviour……

Answer 3

Initial illness behaviour:
Talks to parent (or HCP) to discuss
Diagnosis of common cold made

Once diagnosis is made:
Withdrawal from usual activities (e.g. stay home from work/school)
Follow advice and treatment plan to get better

Question 4

How are healthcare professionals involved in illness behaviour?

Answer 4

Rights:
Physical and personal intimacy with the patient
Initiation and direction of treatment
Autonomy in decision-making

Duties to the patient:
Self-regulation (ethics)
Attitudes:
- Collective orientation
-Universalism -
-Functional specificity -
- Affective neutrality

Question 5

Why does the response to illness behaviour vary?

Answer 5

Patient factors
Disease factors
Treatment factors
Relationship factors

Question 6

Patient factor examples:

Answer 6

1. Frustration or anger e.g. poor wait times, bad experiences with professionals
2. Fear and anxiety e.g. scared of the outcomes
3. Feeling of damage e.g. Smoking, the damage is already done and do not want to quit
4. Dependency - If a patient maintains autonomy, more adherent to therapy. Want to make sure people feel independent.
5. Depression and loss of self-esteem - People are less motivated to take action to improve the problem

Question 7

Disease Factors examples:

Answer 7

• Characteristics of symptoms

a) Degree of interference with normal function - if preventing daily activities, more likely to go seek healthcare
b) Clarity of symptoms - If disease is obvious, more likely gonna seek care
c) Tolerance threshold - If pain is severe, gonna seek care
d) Familiarity with symptoms - If first migraine, more likely to seek care
e) Assumptions of the cause
f) Assumptions of the prognosis

Question 8

Treatment Factors

Answer 8

• Quality of available treatments
• Belief (or not) in medications
• Belief in other treatments
• Threshold for medication use
• Level of risk aversion

Question 9

Relationship Factors

Answer 9

Respect and trust in the HCPs and system
Influences of family members
View of the pharmacist

Question 10

Medical Health Model Definition

Answer 10

Absence of a disease or disability

Question 11

WHO Health Model

Answer 11

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or disability
- Achieving pt. centred care:
Respect
Choice and empowerment
Access and support
Information and education

Question 12

Wellness Health Model

Answer 12

Health promotion through lifestyle changes and progress towards high functioning, energy, comfort, and integration of mind, body and spirit

Question 13

Environmental Model

Answer 13

Adaptation to physical and social surroundings: a balance free from undue pain, discomfort or disability

Question 14

Health Behaviour Definition

Answer 14

Any activity undertaken by an individual believing themselves to be in a state of good health for the purpose of preventing a disease or detecting it in an asymptomatic stage

Question 15

The chance of someone engaging in a health behaviour is increased when:

Answer 15

1) Ready to take action
2) Benefits outweigh the barriers
3) Cue or stimulus exists

Question 16

Health Belief Model - Define Perceived Susceptibility and the pharmacists role

Answer 16

• Beliefs about the chances of getting a condition
• Pharmacists role:

Define what populations at risk
Tailor risk info to individual
Help person develop accurate perception of personal risk

Question 17

Health Belief Model - Define Perceived severity and pharmacists role

Answer 17

Beliefs about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences

Specify the consequences of a condition & recommended action

Question 18

Health Belief Model - Define Perceived Benefits and pharmacists role

Answer 18

Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness

Expain how, where and when to take action and potential positive results

Question 19

Health Belief Model - Define perceived barriers and pharmacists role

Answer 19

Beliefs about the material and psychological costs of taking action

Offer reassurance, incentives, and assistance
Correct misinformation

Question 20

Health Belief Model - Define cues to action and pharmacists role

Answer 20

Factors that activate readiness to change

Provide how to information, promote awareness, and employ reminder systems

Question 21

Health Belief Model - Define self-efficacy and pharmacists role

Answer 21

Confidence in one’s own ability to take action

Provide training and guidance in performing action, use progressive goal setting, give verbal reinforcement, demonstrate desired behaviours

Question 22

Stages of Change Model

Answer 22

Pirates can punch assholes mister

Pre-contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance

Question 23

Define Pre-contemplation and pharmacist role

Answer 23

Has no intention of taking action within the next 6 months

Increase awareness of need for change and resources available

Question 24

Health Belief Model

Answer 24

Perceptions about susceptibility/severity
Benefits vs Barriers
Cues (Stimuli) to act
Self-efficacy:

Question 25

Define Contemplation

Answer 25

Intends to take action in the next 6 months

Motivate, provide blanaced information, encourage specific plans

Question 26

Define Preparation

Answer 26

Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some steps in this direction

Developing and implementing concrete plans, setting gradual goals

Question 27

Define Action

Answer 27

Has changed behaviour for less than 6 months

Feedback, support, reinforcement

Question 28

Maintenance

Answer 28

Has chnaged the behaviour for more than 6 months

Coping, reminders, encouragement