Final Exam Review Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ovoviviparous, oviparous, and viviparous.

A

1) Birthed inside mothers body and the young are born alive (snakes)
2) produces eggs, nutrients needed is in the egg, hatch out of egg (birds and reptiles)
3) gives birth to developed live young, nutrients comes from mother(mammals)

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2
Q

Give examples of animals that reproduce asexually.

A

Types:
- Fission: organism splits in two and regenerates (flat worm, sea anemones, sea cucumbers)
- Budding: small portion breaks off and grows new organism (hydras and corals)
- Fragmentation: animal is broken up into many parts and regenerates (sponges, starfish, earthworms)
- Parthenogenesis: comes from unfertilized egg (males)
(ants, wasps + bees) (Social insects)
- Cloning (jellyfish)

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3
Q

Define parthogenisis and sequential hermaphrodism. Give an example of each.

A

-parthogenisis: unfertilized egg develops into a haploid male (social insects like bees or ants)
-sequential hermaphrodism: an individual changes it’s sex due to its environment. (clownfish are all born male, but when the female dies, the male becomes female)

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4
Q

Why do men produce more sperm than women produce eggs?

A

Its a lot of work for the sperm to make it and out of the 50 million produced only a couple hundred make

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5
Q

Which animals have external fertilization and which ones have internal fertilization?

A

External: live in water
- fish
- amphibians
- marine invertebrates
Internal
- mammals
- reptiles
- birds

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6
Q

What is imprinting?

A

A form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object it sees and follows it around
(ducks and geese)

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7
Q

What is altruistic behavior? What are its advantages?

A
  • Reduces one’s individual fitness, but increases the fitness of closely related individuals.
  • Increase the colonies chance of survival by promoting and safeguarding reproduction
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8
Q

What factors determine population growth rate? What does a negative growth rate mean?

A
  • Immigration: migrating into a population
  • Emigration: migrating out of a population
  • Birth Rate
  • Death Rate
    (im. + BR)-(em. + DR)= population growth rate
    Negative growth rate means that the population is decreasing
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9
Q

What is the relationship between brood size and juvenial survival in the collared flycatcher? Why is this considered a trade off?

A

Larger clutch(# of offspring) size decreases survival of those generations and decreases the clutch size of future generations.
Trade off: larger clutch size for fewer survival rate
- increased fitness
- fewer survive but more offspring

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10
Q

What are the three population dispersion patterns? Which is the least common and why?

A

1) Uniform: spread out in a pattern
2) Clumped: clustered in groups
3) Random: individuals in population have little interaction

  • least common: random because they often don’t get fertilized because there isn’t a plant of the same species close enough
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11
Q

Define population, community, and ecosystem.

A
  • population: a group of individuals of the same species, living and interbreeding within a given area
  • community: an interacting group of various species in a common location
  • ecosystem: abiotic(non-living) and biotic(living) factors in an ecosystem
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12
Q

What is Gause’s law of competitive exclusion?

A

Two species with identical needs cannot occupy the same space

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13
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all ecosystems?

A

the sun

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14
Q

what factors affect the amount of rainfall in a particular area?

A

rain shadow:
- windward: precipitation
- leeward: shadow of rain (no water)(as it goes up it becomes drier
-deforestation due to transportation

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15
Q

what is the average tropic efficiency? Why is it so low?

A
  • 10%
  • Heat loss
  • Cellular respiration
  • Organisms don’t eat it all
  • Feces
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16
Q

what is the relationship between latitude and climate? Explain

A
  • temperatures are typically warmer approaching the Equator and cooler approaching the Poles
  • colder because the sun is tilted away and there is less sun exposure.
  • Sun is 50% less direct at the poles than the equator
17
Q

What factors should be taken into account when designing sustainable practices?

A
  • Economic
  • Social
  • Environmental
18
Q

How is the current mass extinction different from the previous five?

A

It is happening in a much higher rate, due to human activities.

19
Q

Why is it important to preserve biodiversity?

A
  • human populations are dependent on biodiversity for well-being (buying and selling)
  • Genetic diversity: natural selection- populations stay healthier
  • Potential pharmaceuticals
  • Unintended consequences
  • ethical responsibility