Final Exam Review Unit 5 Flashcards
Define ovoviviparous, oviparous, and viviparous.
1) Birthed inside mothers body and the young are born alive (snakes)
2) produces eggs, nutrients needed is in the egg, hatch out of egg (birds and reptiles)
3) gives birth to developed live young, nutrients comes from mother(mammals)
Give examples of animals that reproduce asexually.
Types:
- Fission: organism splits in two and regenerates (flat worm, sea anemones, sea cucumbers)
- Budding: small portion breaks off and grows new organism (hydras and corals)
- Fragmentation: animal is broken up into many parts and regenerates (sponges, starfish, earthworms)
- Parthenogenesis: comes from unfertilized egg (males)
(ants, wasps + bees) (Social insects)
- Cloning (jellyfish)
Define parthogenisis and sequential hermaphrodism. Give an example of each.
-parthogenisis: unfertilized egg develops into a haploid male (social insects like bees or ants)
-sequential hermaphrodism: an individual changes it’s sex due to its environment. (clownfish are all born male, but when the female dies, the male becomes female)
Why do men produce more sperm than women produce eggs?
Its a lot of work for the sperm to make it and out of the 50 million produced only a couple hundred make
Which animals have external fertilization and which ones have internal fertilization?
External: live in water
- fish
- amphibians
- marine invertebrates
Internal
- mammals
- reptiles
- birds
What is imprinting?
A form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object it sees and follows it around
(ducks and geese)
What is altruistic behavior? What are its advantages?
- Reduces one’s individual fitness, but increases the fitness of closely related individuals.
- Increase the colonies chance of survival by promoting and safeguarding reproduction
What factors determine population growth rate? What does a negative growth rate mean?
- Immigration: migrating into a population
- Emigration: migrating out of a population
- Birth Rate
- Death Rate
(im. + BR)-(em. + DR)= population growth rate
Negative growth rate means that the population is decreasing
What is the relationship between brood size and juvenial survival in the collared flycatcher? Why is this considered a trade off?
Larger clutch(# of offspring) size decreases survival of those generations and decreases the clutch size of future generations.
Trade off: larger clutch size for fewer survival rate
- increased fitness
- fewer survive but more offspring
What are the three population dispersion patterns? Which is the least common and why?
1) Uniform: spread out in a pattern
2) Clumped: clustered in groups
3) Random: individuals in population have little interaction
- least common: random because they often don’t get fertilized because there isn’t a plant of the same species close enough
Define population, community, and ecosystem.
- population: a group of individuals of the same species, living and interbreeding within a given area
- community: an interacting group of various species in a common location
- ecosystem: abiotic(non-living) and biotic(living) factors in an ecosystem
What is Gause’s law of competitive exclusion?
Two species with identical needs cannot occupy the same space
What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all ecosystems?
the sun
what factors affect the amount of rainfall in a particular area?
rain shadow:
- windward: precipitation
- leeward: shadow of rain (no water)(as it goes up it becomes drier
-deforestation due to transportation
what is the average tropic efficiency? Why is it so low?
- 10%
- Heat loss
- Cellular respiration
- Organisms don’t eat it all
- Feces
