ANTH 205 - Exam 3 Review (impact on indigenous + modernization)

Question 1

What are the 3 possible outcomes of National Societies’ Impact on Indigenous Peoples?

Answer 1

1. Cultural Extinction
2. Assimilation
3. Creation of Subordinate Status -

Question 2

Describe Cultural Extinction:

Answer 2

can be Physical > war disease, famine
or Cultural > descendants live, but lose cultural ways/ split up, no longer exist as a people.
- example: Native American Groups: Pensacola, Place names, Yahi people & Ishi.
- example: Recent attacks on Yanamamo tribe in Amazon basin. -

Question 3

What is an example of cultural extinction?

Answer 3

• Yahi people were attacked and killed for their land during the gold rush in California.
• Ishi was the last known member of the Yahi who survived the cultural extinction by hiding in the mountains with his family for the next 44 years.
• Surveyors ransacked the camp Ishi, his uncle, his younger sister, and his mother lived at in the mountains.
• Ishi survived in the wilderness for 3 more years, alone. With no supplies, Ishi stepped into the western culture.
• Anthropologists at UC Berkeley brought him in for research and gave him a room above the museum to live.
• Ishi died five year later from tuberculosis in San Francisco -

Question 4

What is a bunch of tribes in the Amazon river basin that went extinct?

Answer 4

Yanamamo -

Question 5

What is the acceptance of new ways; integration into mainstream society as first class citizen; (almost never happens)?

Answer 5

Assimilation -

Question 6

What is it when indigenous groups of people become second-class citizens, not destroyed, but live apart-not fully assimilated; loose their autonomy, ability to make economic decisions, access to resources and land; (most common today)?

Answer 6

Creation of Subordinate Status -

Question 7

What is an example of an indigenous group of people becoming a subordinate status?

Answer 7

History of Native North Americans: Wars > Slaughters > Promises & Treaties > Breaking of Treaties > Forced Removals > Subordinate Status, Trail of Tears, School Systems. -

Question 8

Explain the Dawes Act of 1887:

Answer 8

• 100M acres of land lost by the native people to white settlers
• in exchange, government gave 160 acre (0.25 sq. mile) plots to each head of household
• if they accepted this land, they became US citizens and law of the land applied to them. -

Question 9

What are systems of Directed Change by Modern Societies: Usually have been based on ethnocentric theories of social evolution?

Answer 9

Cultural Change and Modernization -

Question 10

What is the (more recent) effect of powerful international corporations?

Answer 10

World-Systems Theory -

Question 11

What do the Goals of Modernization: in “underdeveloped countries” usually include?

Answer 11

1. Education
2. Technology Transfer
3. Participation in Cash Economy -

Question 12

How would education take place for modernization?

Answer 12

-teach them english
-change unwanted social practices -

Question 13

How would technology transfer take place for modernization?

Answer 13

-help upgrade to newer methods
-agriculture is more productive than horticulture
-agriculture is more productive than pastoralism. -

Question 14

How would participation in Cash Economy take place in modernization?

Answer 14

putting more people to work give more tax revenues which give bigger salaries -

Question 15

What are 4 case studies in moderization?

Answer 15

1. Guarani Indians in itanarami Village in eastern Paraguay
2. Apache housing Project
3. Pastoralism in Kenya
4. Cocaine trade in Bolivia

Question 16

Describe the Guarani Indians of Itanarami Village in Eastern Paraguay:

Answer 16

-they dealt with deforestation at rapid rate
-their land and soil not suitable for mono cropping/raising livestock.
-Guarani traditional subsistence, crop rotation, slash and burn, small clearings
-Development enters, destroys land, way of life -

Question 17

Describe the Apache Housing Projects (1962):

Answer 17

• Houses set on grid pattern, clash with traditional customs
• Apaches houses have to face east, must be a circular house, don’t like to have separate rooms, door has to face east, separate houses in a matrilineal cluster
• As soon as the govt. left, they moved out or tore down the houses
• Apache got sued for property damage
• Went to court and the Apache’s won -

Question 18

A 1960’s aid program by the US government to the Apache Indians failed because of a lack of proper regard for differing cultural practices. This program involved
a. health care
b. free housing
c. education
d. low interest loans

Answer 18

free housing

Question 19

Describe Pastoralism in Kenya:

Answer 19

forced agriculture in North, compared to southern tribe
-Were relocated to small farms and were forced to sell of their animals plots to pay off loans for their plots of land
-nomadic pastoralism was a very inefficient way to farm land
-kept people isolated without modernization
-ruined the land for pastoralism
-1/3 of of pastoralist population were living in famine camps by end of 1980. -

Question 20

How many total moves do pastoralists in Kenya usually make in a year?

Answer 20

15 -

Question 21

Describe the Cocaine Trade in Bolivia:

Answer 21

-facts and figures, cases studies of villages
-native indians of bolivia normally chewed coca leaves as an everyday tonic, to help breathe at higher altitudes, similar to having a cup of coffee
-the places to grow coca plants are also the best places for agriculture
-causes food shortage
-unable to buy food because of super high prices
-only job that paid enough wages was cocaine production
-growing and cutting of coca plants very little work –> coca paste –> refined to powder cocaine
-workers get addicted to cocain and given money and prostitutes
-countryside the drug lords rule
-despite, enormous hardship, still bolivia’s biggest income - and removal of the cocaine trade would ruin the country’s economy

Question 22

What is Bolivia’s number 1 crop?

Answer 22

cocaine -

Question 23

What percent of Bolivia’s total revenue is from cocaine?

Answer 23

70% -

Question 24

The Kayapo tribe is in which country?

Answer 24

Brazil