ANKLE/FOOT

Question 1

SIMMONDS

Answer 1

Pt prone
Feet off couch
Examiner squeezes pt calves

Question 2

SIMMONDS - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Answer 2

Achilles tear/rupture

Question 3

SIMMONDS - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 3

No plantar flexion of the foot

Question 4

TALAR TILT - INVERSION

Answer 4

Pt seated or supine
Place pillow under pt knee
Examiners hands on medial and lateral malleoli
Invert foot with dorsiflexion = ATFL
Invert foot in neutral = CFL
Invert foot with plantar flexion = PTFL

Question 5

TALAR TILT - INVERSION - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Answer 5

Lateral ligament sprain (ATFL, PTFL, CFL)

Question 6

TALAR TILT - INVERSION - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 6

Pain
Increased ROM

Question 7

TALAR TILT - EVERSION

Answer 7

Pt seated or supine
Place pillow under knee
Hand placement on lateral and medial malleoli
Evert foot

Question 8

TALAR TILT - EVERSION - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Answer 8

Medial ligament sprain (deltoid ligament)

Question 9

TALAR TILT - EVERSION - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 9

Pain
Increased ROM

Question 10

ANTERIOR DRAW

Answer 10

Pt supine
Bend pt leg with their foot on couch
Fix off on the top of their foot
Support round the back of their achilles
Push backwards

Question 11

ANTERIOR DRAW - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Answer 11

ATFL ligament instability

Question 12

ANTERIOR DRAW - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 12

Increased anterior motion of the foot

Question 13

POSTERIOR DRAW

Answer 13

Pt supine
Bend pt leg with their foot on couch
Fix off on the top of their foot
Support round the back of their achilles
Pull forwards

Question 14

POSTERIOR DRAW - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Answer 14

Posterior ankle ligament instability

Question 15

POSTERIOR DRAW - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 15

Increased posterior movement of the foot

Question 16

TINSEL’S SIGN

Answer 16

Pt supine
Hip of symptomatic side externally rotated and foot slightly everted
Tap over tarsal tunnel (just under medial malleolus)

Question 17

TINSEL’S SIGN - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Answer 17

Tarsel tunnel syndrome

Question 18

TINSEL’S SIGN - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 18

Radiating pain in foot and toes due to aggravation of the tibial nerve

Question 19

HOMAN’S SIGN

Answer 19

Pt supine with leg straight
Raise leg 10
Forcefully dorsiflex foot and squeeze calf with other hand

Question 20

HOMAN’S SIGN - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Answer 20

Thrombosis

Question 21

HOMAN’S SIGN - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 21

Pain deep in calf

Question 22

MORTON’S NEUROMA TEST

Answer 22

Pt supine
Examiner squeezes the medial and lateral parts of the foot
Other hand is palpating the tender area

Question 23

MORTON’S NEUROMA - WHAT DOES IT TEST?

Question 24

MORTON’S NEUROMA - POSITIVE TEST

Answer 24

Aggravation of the pain
Click/pop of neuroma
Paraesthesia into toes