Attitudes Flashcards
List six ways attitudes can be formed.
- Mere exposure effect
- Evaluative conditioning
- Instrumental conditioning
- Observational learning
- Media influence
- Family/friends influence
Explain mere exposure effect.
Attitudes being formed solely from repeated exposure to an object.
Explain evaluative conditioning.
When constant exposure changes the degree someone likes or dislikes an object.
Explain instrumental conditioning.
When behaviours/attitudes that are rewarded with positive consequences being more likely to be repeated than those with no or negative consequences.
Explain observational learning.
Observing the way others respond to an object and allowing that to determine your attitude toward said object.
What is object-appraisal?
An attitude function that allows us to approach things that are beneficial and provide a positive or negative evaluation of the object.
What is social-adjustment?
An attitude function which provides an association with an object due to people we like or don’t like.
What is externalisation?
An attitude function which helps to defend the self against inner conflict.
List Katz (1960) three attitude functions.
Knowledge - organising info about objects.
Instrumentality - provide an end goal.
Self esteem - display behaviour that reflects our self concepts.
List one advantage of explicit measures.
Appealing to researchers as they are straightforward.
List one disadvantage of explicit measures.
Participants could be swayed to give a socially acceptable response.
List one advantage of implicit measures.
Indirect and therefore less likely to be altered.
List one disadvantage of implicit measures.
Can be easily influenced by external factors such as certain tasks.
List two conditions that affect the link between attitude and behaviour.
- If the attitude is expressed in public.
- How accessible the attitude is.
List the three component models of attitudes.
- Cognitive (thoughts)
- Affective (feelings)
- Behavioural (intentions)
