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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

____________ are the most abundant biomolecule on earth.

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Which biomolecule is often abbreviated to ‘CHO’?

A

Carbohydrate

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3
Q

Name two carbohydrates that are staples of the human diet.

A

Sugar and starch

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4
Q

___________ of carbohydrates is the central energy-yielding pathway in most non-photosynthetic cells.

A

Oxidation

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5
Q

Which type of carbohydrates are found in the cell coats of animals?

A

Insoluble

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6
Q

Name two classes of simple sugars.

A

Aldehyde sugars (aldoses) and ketone sugars (ketoses)

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7
Q

How many R-groups does an aldose have?

A

One

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8
Q

How many R-groups does a ketose have?

A

Two

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9
Q

Define ‘stereoisomers’.

A

Molecules that are non-superimposable, mirror images of each other

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10
Q

Glyceraldehyde has a single _______ carbon atom.

A

Asymmetric

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11
Q

Name the stereoisomers of glyceraldehyde.

A

D- and L-glyceraldehyde

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12
Q

What do ‘D and L’ refer to, in the context of stereoisomers?

A

D and L refer to the configuration of the asymmetric carbon atom, furthest from the aldehyde or ketone group

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13
Q

L-sugars rotate polarised light to the _____.

A

Left

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14
Q

D-sugars rotate polarised light to the _____.

A

Right

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15
Q

True or false: most hexose sugars are found naturally in the D-sugar form.

A

True

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16
Q

Name a sugar that naturally occurs in the L-sugar form.

A

L-arabinose

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17
Q

What is an epimer?

A

A D-sugar that differs in configuration at only a single asymmetric carbon atom

18
Q

What are the two crystalline forms of D-glucose?

A

Downward-pointing alpha-D-glucose and upward-pointing beta-D-glucose

19
Q

Glucose undergoes a reversible reaction between -OH group of C5, and the anomeric carbon (C1) forms a _______ _______ structure

A

Pyranose ring

20
Q

Fructose undergoes a common reaction between the -OH group of ___ and the anomeric carbon (C2), forming a furanose ring structure.

A

C5

21
Q

Six-membered sugar rings are called ________.

A

Pyranoses

22
Q

Five-membered sugar rings are called ________.

A

Furanoses

23
Q

What type of sugar will the following reaction for maltose yield?
A condensation reaction takes place. A bond is formed that is termed ‘glycosidic linkage’. Maltose involves the linking of two glucose molecules, 1-4 glycosidic linkage between the C1 and C4 positions of two D-glucose molecules.
The D-glucose containing C1 atom is in its alpha form, therefore the bond is termed an alpha (1-4) glycosidic bond.

A

Disaccharide

24
Q

A ______ glycosidic bond is seen in the glycosidic linkage of sucrose

A

1 - 2

25
Q

True or false: Multiple reactions in a sugar create smaller polysaccharides.

A

False

26
Q

Carbohydrates may be _________ or branched.

A

Linear

27
Q

Name two functions of carbohydrates.

A

Storage and structure

28
Q

Excess glucose is stored as ________.

A

Glycogen

29
Q

Plants store excess glucose as _______.

A

Starch

30
Q

What is the exoskeleton of some animals called?

A

Chitin

31
Q

Cellulose is a plant storage __________.

A

Polysaccharide

32
Q

Bacteria and yeasts store excess glucose as _______.

A

Dextran

33
Q

What is amylose?

A

Unbranched polymers of glucose units, joined by α1-4 glycosidic bonds

34
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Similar to amylose, but additional α1-6 bonds occur every 25-30 units, creating branchpoints

35
Q

_________ consists entirely of glucose units, mostly linked by α1-4 bonds

A

Glycogen

36
Q

Every ___ sugar units, glycogen’s chains are branched by the formation of an α1-6 bond

A

10

37
Q

Where is glycogen primarily made and stored?

A

The liver and the muscles

38
Q

Cellulose strands are held together by which type of bond?

A

Hydrogen

39
Q

Name two animals that are capable of degrading cellulose in their gut.

A

Cow and horse

40
Q

Cellulose is made up of unbranched ___________ of glucose units, linked by β1-4 glycosidic bonds

A

Polysaccharides

41
Q

α and β forms exist for all cyclic _______________.

A

Monosaccharides

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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