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Molecular Immunology > Exam 1 (Lectures 1/2) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Lectures 1/2) Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Normal microbial flora of the body plays an important role in the health of the host?

A

True

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2
Q

Abnormal or aberrant immune functions could result in what two conditions?

A

1) Autoimmunity
2) Immune pathology

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3
Q

Where tissues are an immature WBC likely to be found in?
A. thymus
B. lymph nodes
C. spleen

A

A. thymus

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4
Q

Where is the major site of WBC, RBC, and platelet development?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

Where do pluripotent stem cells proliferate and differentiate?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

___ is where T cells go to become mature

A

Thymus

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7
Q

Where do lymphocytes localize after leaving primary tissues?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

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8
Q

In what tissues can lymphocytes interact with antigens?
A. Primary Lymphoid Tissues
B. Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

A

B. Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

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9
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues? What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Primary: bone marrow and thymus
Secondary: spleen and lymph nodes

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10
Q

Which secondary lymphoid tissue is responsive to blood borne antigens or pathogens?

A

The spleen

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11
Q

Do lymph nodes typically contain immature or mature cells?

A

Mature

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12
Q

Cells of the lymph node are responsive to pathogens that arrive via the ___, __, and ___

A

skin, mucous membranes, internal organs

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13
Q

True or False: Cells in the lymph nodes sense pathogens when antigens are transported from infect site to “draining” nodes via: lymphatic vessels

A

True

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14
Q

Cell division and cell migration are associated with activation of what cell type?

A

Cells of lymph node

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15
Q

True or False: Lymph nodes are located in the neck, axillae, groin, abdominal cavity, mesentary, and mediastium

A

True

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16
Q

____: loosely aggregated non-encapsulated lymphoid tissues found in lamina propria, submucosa areas of GI, and respiratory/GU

A

MALT (mucosa, associated lymphoid tissue)

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17
Q

True or False: MALT is found in appendix, lungs, tonsils, breast, and sinuses

A

True

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18
Q

____: The process by which cellular components of blood and lymphatic system divides and differentiates in the bone marrow

A

Hematopoiesis

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19
Q

___: cells that are responsible for controlling bleeding and mediating inflammatory response/tissue repair and remodeling

A

Platlets

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20
Q

____: cells that are responsible for host defense against pathogens and tumors

A

WBC’s

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21
Q

RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets are derived from cells of the ____, termed _____

A

bone marrow; HSC’s

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22
Q

True or False: Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and can differentiate into effector or memory cells

A

True

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23
Q

What are the two primary ways by which cells communicate for host defense?

A

1) Cytokines (IL-1, IL-2)
2) Cell surface molecules
(CD-4)

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24
Q

Do cytokines act locally or distantly? Paracrine or autocrine?

A

Locally; both

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25
Q

What four cell types of the innate immune system are associated with inflammation and phagocytosis?

A

Eosinophils, Neutrophils, and Monocytes/macrophages

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26
Q

What two cells types of the innate immune system are known to mediate allergic responses and inflammation?

A

Basophils and Mast cells

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27
Q

____ and ____ are circulating granulocytes while ___Cells are tissue-based granulocytes

A

Basophils and Neutrophils; Mast Cells

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28
Q

What type of cells are large granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that kill tumor and infected cells?

A

Natural Killer Cells

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29
Q

All T-Lymphocytes are ____. However, Helper T cells are ___ and Cytotoxic cells are ___

A

CD3+; CD4+; CD8+

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30
Q

True or False: Normal flora is an innate host defense

A

True

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31
Q

What constitutes the first and most important line of immune defense?

A

The innate immune system

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32
Q

Which cells recognize foreigness non-specifically?
A. T-Lymphocytes and B-Lymphocytes
B. Granulocytic cells, phagocytes, and NK cells

A

B. Granulocytic cells, phagocytes, and NK cells

33
Q

What are four ways the endogenous flora protect us from pathogens?

A

1) Compete w/pathogens for nutrients
2) Produce toxic substances
3) Occupy receptor sites
4) Stimulate cross-reactivity

34
Q

What is the most important cellular defense against infection?

A

Phagocytes

35
Q

True or False: Fever is a factor of the adaptive immune system

A

False - a fever is a factor of the innate immune system

36
Q

What type of pyrogens are products of the microorganisms and other substances that can either induce production of endogenous pyrogens or act directly on the hypothalamus

A

Exogenous pyrogens

37
Q

What are three examples of endogenous pyrogens?

A

TNF-a; IL-1; IL-6

38
Q

How do endogenous pyrogens initiated fever?
A. Release PGE2, which is metabolized to AA
B. Release AA, which is metabolized to PGE2

A

B. Release AA, which is metabolized to PGE2

39
Q

Only what two cell types can respond to antigens in a specific and adaptive manner?

A

T and B Lymphocytes

40
Q

Which immune response has a lag time? How many days does it take to detect first response to an antigen?

A

Adaptive Immune
7-10 days

41
Q

How many days does it take for the adaptive to detect second response an antigen? Why is the response faster and more rigorous?

A

3-4 days
Anamnestic response/memory

42
Q

Which immune system is able to down-regulate its response to an antigen once the foreign material is removed?

A

Adaptive immune system

43
Q

Provide examples of Natural Active and Natural Passive Immunity:

A

Natural Active: Get sick and recover
Natural Passive: Breast-feeding

44
Q

Provide examples of Acquired Active and Acquired Passive Immunity:

A

Acquired Active: Vaccinated
Acquired Passive: Admin of pre-made Ig

45
Q

Cells of which immune system uses molecular pattern recognition receptors?

A

Innate immune cells

46
Q

Cells of which immune response use receptors that are “hardwired” into their germline DNA?

A

Cells of the innate immune system

47
Q

What cell type would you expect to see TLR (toll-like receptors) in?
A. Macrophages
B. T-lymphocytes
C. B-lymphocytes

A

A. Macrophages

48
Q

What cell type recognizes foreigness via a LACK of self-expression molecules on a host cell?

A

NK cells

49
Q

Cells of which immune system randomly and somatically mutate the DNA encoding receptors that recognize foreigness during ontogeny?

A

Cells of the adaptive immune system cells

50
Q

Which cells of the adaptive immune system only recognize foreign molecules that are first processed? What molecule do this processing?

A

T Lymphocytes
APC (antigen processing cells)

51
Q

What cells produce antibodies on their surface an can recognize unprocessed antigens?

A

B lymphocytes

52
Q

True or False: When activated, B cells differentiate into cells that also secrete antibodies in a soluble form

A

True

53
Q

____: any substance that is capable of inducing a specific immune response in the person exposed

A

Immunogen

54
Q

True or False: cells of the innate immune system recognize PAMP’s while lymphocytes of adaptive immune system respond to antigens through receptors

A

True

55
Q

A tetanus vaccination stimulates what part of the immune system?
A. Innate Immune System
B. Adaptive Immune System
C. Both immune systems

A

C. Both immune systems

56
Q

What type of leukocyte do you most expect to find in the lymph nodes?

A. HSC’s
B. Neutrophils
C. Monocytes
D. Mature lymphocytes
E. Eosinophils

A

D. Mature lymphocytes

57
Q

True or False: All T Lymphocytes are CD3+

A

True

58
Q

What cell of the adaptive immune system is involved in making antibodies, presenting antigens, and has surface Ig+

A

B-Lymphocytes

59
Q

True or False: All antigens are immunogens

A

False - all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens

60
Q

___: smallest portion of an antigen that is capable of binding an antibody or T cell receptor. Also called: antigenic determinant.

A

Epitope

61
Q

___: substance administered with an immunogen that enhances the immune response against the immunogen. Example: Potassium Al Sulfate

A

Adjuvant

62
Q

____ Effect: prevents dispersion and dilution, resulting in slow continous release

A

Depot Effect

63
Q

What four features make a good immunogen?

A

1) Large protein
2) Large glycoprotein
3) Large polysaccharides
4) Large nucleic acids

64
Q

Which features make a poor immunogen?

A

1) Lipids
2) Glycolipids
3) Phospholipids
4) Small proteins/sugars

65
Q

Which of these factors have an influence on immunogenicity?
A. Charge
B. Shape
C. Size

A

C. Size

66
Q

What is the minimum size for immunogenicity?
A. 1,000 Da
B. 500 Da
C. 2,000 Da
D. 50, 000 Da

A

A. 1,000 Da

67
Q

__: small molecule that alone is not immunogenic but becomes so when conjugated to large molecule (e.g BSA)

A

Hapten

68
Q

Immunogenic molecules can have numerous unique antigenic determinants, which are known as: ____

A

epitopes

69
Q

True or False: Epitopes are defined by the ability of a given immunological component to bind to that specific region of a larger antigen molecule

A

True

70
Q

True or False: B and T cells usually recognize the same types of epitopes

A

False
- B cells usually recognize conformational/structural (2/3 structures)
-T cells recognize linear epitopes (1 structure)

71
Q

True or False: The more complex a molecule, the more immunogenic

A

True

72
Q

_____: when a large percentage of a community becomes immune to a pathogen, making the spread of the pathogen from person to person unlikely

A

Herd Immunity

73
Q

_____: An immunological reaction in which the immune components involved react with two different antigenic molecules that have shared or similar epitopes

A

Immunological Cross Reactivity

74
Q

True or False: Antigens from related species are more immunogenic than those of distant species

A

False

75
Q

You have a greater change of developing T1DM if you have HLA alleles or cytokines

A

True

76
Q

True or False: The longer the antigen is around to initiate an immune response, the weaker the response

A

False - the longer it is around, the stronger the response

77
Q

True or False: Weak immune response is related to malnourishment, high stress levels, and obesity

A

True

78
Q

____: any substance that nonspecifically activates lymphocytes resulting in production of antibodies (B lymphocytes) or cytokines (T lymphocytes)

A

Mitogen

79
Q

Which of the following molecules is most apt to initiate an immune response?
A. Small carbohydrate
B. Polypeptide made of a repeated single amino acid
C. Phospholipid
D. Large complex protein

A

D. Large complex protein

Molecular Immunology (27 decks)

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