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Pharmacology > Unit 4- Steroid and NSAID > Flashcards

Unit 4- Steroid and NSAID Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Gland Secretion

A

Adrenalin, corticosteroids

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2
Q

Pituitary Gland Secretion

A

Growth hormone, corticotropin (ACTH), thyrotropin (TSH), gonadotropins (LH and FSH), prolactin, vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin

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3
Q

Testicle Secretion

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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4
Q

Ovary Secretion

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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5
Q

Pancreas Secretion

A

Insulin, glucagon

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6
Q

Thyroid Secretion

A

Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, parathyroid

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7
Q

Hypothalamus Secretion

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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8
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

Cholesterol backbone, easily crosses cell membrane; progesterone, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol

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9
Q

Amine Hormones

A

Thyroxine, catecholamines, melatonin

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10
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin, growth hormone

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11
Q

Endogenous Corticosteroids

A

Cortisol regulates metabolism and immune, Aldosterone regulates sodium and water retention

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12
Q

Cortisol Synthetic Analog

A

Hydrocortisone

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13
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Effect metabolism, electrolytes, CNS, cardiovascular, skeletal muscle, blood cells, lymphoid tissue, and immunologic system, anti inflammatory and immunosuppressive

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14
Q

Corticosteroid Adverse Effects

A

Appetite, weight gain, mood changes, muscle weakness, blurred vision, body hair growth, bruising, susceptibility to infection

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15
Q

Prolonged Steroid Adverse Effects

A

Adrenal atrophy, osteoporosis, immunosuppression, euphoria

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16
Q

Inflammation

A

Immunovascular immune response to tissue injury, eliminate injury and initiate repair, mediated by chemical mediators

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17
Q

Small Animal Inflammatory Diseases

A

IBD, gastric ulcer, septic inflammatory, skin disease, neoplasia, inflammatory joint, inflammatory oral, primary inflammatory brain disorder

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18
Q

Signs of Inflammation

A

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function

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19
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

Initial response, plasma and leukocytes mobilized to tissue

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20
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Prolonged, mononuclear cells at site, destruction and healing of tissue

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21
Q

Inflammatory Response Complex

A

Activation of leukocytes and release of chemical mediators, arachidonic acid metabolism, vascular permeability altered, neutrophils release free radicals, pro-inflammatory cytokines

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22
Q

Products of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism

A

Leukotrienes, thromboxanes, prostaglandins

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23
Q

NSAID MOA

A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase

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24
Q

COX Enzymes

A

Cyclooxygenase, converts prostaglandins to thromboxane A2

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25
Q

COX-1 Enzyme

A

Constitutive, has a constant level of activity, maintains gastric mucosa, vascular homeostasis, platelet aggregation, maintains blood flow, produces PGs and TXA2

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26
Q

COX-2 Enzyme

A

Inducible, expressed at sites of injury, up regulates pain receptors, mediated by inflammation, causes fever, upregulated by cancer, produces PGs, and bradykinin

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27
Q

COX-3 Enzyme

A

Regulates fever, located in the brain, discovered in dogs

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28
Q

5-LOX Enzyme

A

Produces pro-inflammatory leukotrienes

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29
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Produced in many tissues, control inflammation, blood flow, and blood clots, promote inflammation, pain, and fever

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30
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

Platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, endothelial inflammatory response activation

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31
Q

LOX Inhibition

A

GI safety, greater analgesic efficacy

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32
Q

NSAID Functions

A

Analgesia, antipyresis, anti-inflammation

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33
Q

NSAID Uses

A

Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, dental pain, skin inflammation

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34
Q

NSAID Adverse Effects

A

GI complications, deteriorate osteoarthritis

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35
Q

Cat NSAIDs

A

None approved long term, Robenacoxib and Melocixam for short term, overdose leads to stomach ulcer, kidney damage, liver problem, brain damage

36
Q

NSAID Pharmacokinetics

A

Well absorbed, bound by albumin, metabolized in liver

37
Q

Coxibs

A

Selective COX-2 inhibitors, Deracoxib and Firocoxib

38
Q

Osteoarthritis Drugs

A

Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and Hyaluronate sodium

39
Q

NSAIDs that poison animals

A

Aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, cause GI ulceration, hepatic and renal toxicity

40
Q

GI Mucosa COX

A

COX-1 produces PGE2 protecting gastric mucosa, inhibition leads to ulcer and GI bleeding

41
Q

Kidney COX

A

COX-1 and 2 produce PGE2 and PGI2, increasing GFR and Na/H2O excretion, inhibition leads to Nz/H2O retention, hypertension, and hemodynamic acute kidney injury

42
Q

Cardiovascular COX

A

COX-2 produces PGI2 vasodilating and inhibiting platelet aggregation, COX-1 produces TXA2 vasoconstricting and causing platelet aggregation, inhibition leads to stroke and myocardial infarction

43
Q

Aspirin and COX-1

A

Low dose aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1

44
Q

LOX Inhibitors

A

Benoxaprofen, Ketoprofen, Licofelone, and Corticosteroids, Tepoxalin approved for osteoarthritis in dogs

45
Q

Selective COX-1 Inhibiting Drugs

A

Low dose aspirin, causes GI ulceration and bleeding

46
Q

Nonselective COX Inhibiting Drugs

A

Naproxen, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Aspirin, Flunixin meglumine, causes paradoxical hyperpyrexia

47
Q

Selective COX-2 Inhibiting Drugs

A

Meloxicam, Etodolac, Phenylbutazone, Carprofen, Deracoxib, Firocoxib, Robenacoxib, increase blood clotting

48
Q

Dual Inhibiting Drugs

A

Tepolaxin

49
Q

Aspirin

A

Low dose prevents heart attack and stroke, reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and platelet aggregation

50
Q

Aspirin MOA

A

Irreversible COX-1 inhibition, decreased PG synthesis and TXA2 expression

51
Q

Aspirin Adverse Effects

A

GI distress, cats sensitive, pyrexia, respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, pulmonary edema, bleeding during surgery, aggravated osteoarthritis, interaction with warfarin

52
Q

Aspirin Toxicity Treatment

A

Induce emesis, gastric lavage and charcoal, alkalinizing agent to increase urinary excretion, IV fluid therapy

53
Q

Flunixin meglumine

A

Banamine, nonselective COX inhibitor

54
Q

Flunixin MOA

A

Greater COX-2 inhibition in horses, greater COX-1 inhibition in dogs

55
Q

Flunixin Uses

A

Acute, visceral, and surgical pain, alleviates colic pain, post op analgesia in horse, control pyrexia in cattle

56
Q

Flunixin Adverse Effects

A

Myonecrosis, overdose causing ulcer, CNS depression, and anorexia in horse, renal failure and GI damage in dog

57
Q

Ketoprofen

A

Nonselective COX inhibitor

58
Q

Ketoprofen MOA

A

Inhibits COX-1, COX-2, and LOX

59
Q

Ketoprofen Use

A

Acute and chronic musculoskeletal disorders in horses

60
Q

Ketoprofen Adverse Effects

A

GI ulceration, decreased platelet aggregation

61
Q

Phenylbutazone

A

Safety and efficacy makes it the most commonly used equine NSAID, preferential COX-2 inhibitor

62
Q

Phenylbutazone Use

A

Osteoarthritis, lameness, rheumatism, limb pain, nonspecific inflammation

63
Q

Phenylbutazone Adverse Effects

A

GI distress, renal papillary necrosis, death

64
Q

Carprofen

A

Rimadyl, preferential COX-2 inhibitor

65
Q

Carprofen MOA

A

More than 100x preference for canine COX-2

66
Q

Carprofen Uses

A

Short and long term pain management for musculoskeletal disorders

67
Q

Carprofen Adverse Effects

A

Lower frequency of GI ulceration, diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, not for pregnant or lactating

68
Q

Meloxicam

A

Metacam, preferential COX-2 inhibitor, approved in cats

69
Q

Meloxicam Uses

A

Chronic pain and inflammation from osteoarthritis and post-operative somatic pain

70
Q

Meloxicam Adverse Effects

A

Rare and transient, can lead to renal failure in cats, not for pregnant, lactating, or young

71
Q

Etodolac

A

Preferntial COX-2 inhibitor

72
Q

Etodolac Uses

A

Osteoarthritis in dogs

73
Q

Etodolac Adverse Effects

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs, GI distress, CNS depression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity

74
Q

Tepoxalin

A

Zubrin, dual inhibitor

75
Q

Tepoxalin Uses

A

Osteoarthritis and allergy in dogs, postoperative pain control

76
Q

Tepoxalin Adverse Effects

A

GI distress, CNS depression, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity

77
Q

Deracoxib

A

Used for osteoarthritis and post operative pain, can cause GI distress

78
Q

Firocoxib

A

Used for osteoarthritis, higher availability in horse than dog, highly protein bound, can cause diarrhea and mouth ulceration in hose and vacuolization in brain of dogs

79
Q

Dimethyl sulfoxide

A

Topical solvent, inhibits PG synthesis and traps free radicals, analgesic, diuretic, anticholinesterase, antibacterial and antifungal

80
Q

DMSO Uses

A

Acute swelling from trauma, cerebral edema from spinal cord trauma, cystitis in cat, burns, skin grafts, ischemia, edema of limbs from fractures, swelling of mammary, injectiion of drugs

81
Q

DMSO Adverse Effects

A

Transient local effects, myopia in long term use, hemolysis and hemoglobinuria from IV injection, hepatic and renal damage, CNS sedation

82
Q

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan

A

Disease modifying osteoarthritis drug

83
Q

PSGAG MOA

A

Promotes chondroprotection, increases synovial fluid, inhibits PGE2 synthesis, leukocyte migration, and interleukin levels

84
Q

PSGAG Uses

A

Treats traumatic joint dysfunction in horse and osteoarthritis and hip dysplasia in dog

85
Q

Hyaluronate Sodium

A

Cushions and lubricates articular soft tissue, scavenges free radicals to treat synovitis in dog and hose

Pharmacology (32 decks)

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