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Mycology and Virology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Virion: icosahedral

A

Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Adenoviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Herpesviridae

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2
Q

cubic symmetry

A

Polyomaviridae

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3
Q

18-26 nm
55 nm
45 nm
70-90 nm
42nm
150-200 nm

A

Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
Adenoviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Herpesviridae

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4
Q

32 capsomeres, non-enveloped

A

Parvoviridae

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5
Q

72 capsomeres, non-enveloped

A

Polyomaviridae

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6
Q

252 capsomeres, non-enveloped

180 capsomeres, enveloped

A

Adenoviridae

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7
Q

No capsomeres, enveloped

A

Papillomaviridae
Hepadnaviridae

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8
Q

Small, heat-stable, ether resistant

A

Polyomaviridae

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9
Q

contains fiber (unique among icosahedral viruses) that projects from each vertex

A

Adenoviridae

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10
Q

Genome: ssDNA, linear

A

Parvoviridae

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11
Q

Genome: dsDNA, circular

A

Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
Hepadnaviridae

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12
Q

Size:

5kB
8 kbp
130-375 kbp
3.2 kbp
125-240 kbp

A

Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Poxviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Herpesviridae

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13
Q

Genome : dsDNA, linear

A

Adenoviridae
Poxviridae
Herpesviridae

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14
Q

• Proteins:

1 major (VP2); 1 minor (VP10 )
More than 35 proteins

A

Parvoviridae
Herpesviridae

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15
Q

• Composition:

DNA (10%), protein (90%)

13 87

DNA (31% to 75% (G + C))

A

Papillomaviridae

Herpesviridae

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16
Q

• Envelope: None

A

Papillomaviridae

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17
Q

Replication: Nucleus (dependent on functions of dividing host cells)

Replication: Nucleus

Replication : Nucleus (slow growth cycle)

Replication: By means of an overlapping intermediate RNA copy of the DNA genome (HBcAg in nucleus; HBsAg in cytoplasm)

Replication: Nucleus, bud from nuclear membrane, rolling circle mechanism

A

Parvoviridae

Papillomaviridae

Polyomaviridae

Hepadnaviridae

Herpesviridae

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18
Q

• Members: Alpha-, Gamma-, Mupa-, Nupa

A

Papillomaviridae

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19
Q

stimulate cell DNA synthesis

A

Polyomaviridae
Papillomaviridae

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20
Q
  • very small (parvus = small)
A

Parvoviridae

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21
Q

-The human pathogen B19 has tropism for red cell progenitors

A

Parvoviridae

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22
Q

-One genus is replication-defective and requires a helper virus

A

Parvoviridae

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23
Q

-Transmittedthrough respiratory, transfusion, and transplacental route; distributed worldwide

A

Parvoviridae

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24
Q

• Restricted host range and tissue tropism

A

Papillomaviridae

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25
Q

• Significant cause of human cancer, especially cervical cancer

A

Papillomaviridae

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26
Q

•Viral oncoproteins interact with cellular tumor suppressor proteins

A

Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae

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27
Q

•Viral oncoproteins interact with cellular tumor suppressor proteins

A

Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae

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28
Q

• Important model tumor viruses

A

Polyomaviridae

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29
Q

•Human viruses can cause human neurologic and renal disease

A

Polyomaviridae

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30
Q

• May cause human cancer

A

Polyomaviridae

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31
Q

Parvovirinae - vertebrates

A
  1. Parvovirus

a. Erythrovirus
b. Dependovirus
c. Amdovirus
d. Bocavirus

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32
Q

invertebrates

A

Densovirinae

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33
Q

vertebrates

A

Parvovirinae

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34
Q

erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

A

Erythrovirus

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35
Q

Transient aplastic Crisis (TAC)

A

Erythrovirus

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36
Q

• Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)

A

Erythrovirus

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37
Q

hydrops fetalis

A

Erythrovirus

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38
Q

-chronic anemia in immunodeficiency syndromes

A

Erythrovirus

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39
Q

arthritis (esp. in young women)

A

Erythrovirus

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40
Q

aplastic crisis in chronic hemolytic anemia

A

Erythrovirus

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41
Q
  • human parvovirus 19
A

Erythrovirus

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42
Q
  • adeno-associated virus 2
A

Dependovirus

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43
Q

bovine parvovirus

A

Bocavirus

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44
Q

: acute lower respiratory tract infection, wheezing

A

HBoV1

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45
Q

: acute gastroenteritis

A

HBoV2-4

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46
Q

HPV-a (mucosa l type)

A

HPV-6,11
HPV-16,1 8

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47
Q

HPV-3 (cutaneous type)

A

HPV-5, 8

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48
Q

HPV-p (cutaneous type)

A

HPV-1

HPV-38

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49
Q

Mucosal epithelium of genital tract

A

HPV-6,11

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50
Q

Mucosal epithelium of respiratory tract

A

HPV-16,1 8

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51
Q

Skin
epithelium

A

HPV-5, 8

HPV-1

HPV-38

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52
Q

Genital wart papilloma of larynx

A

HPV-6,11

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53
Q

Cervical carcinoma, oropharyngeal cancer

A

HPV-16,18

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54
Q

Skin cancer

A

HPV-5, 8

HPV-38

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55
Q

Wart

A

HPV-1
HPV-38

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56
Q

Warts (eg., cutaneous, mucosal — STI)

A

Papillomaviridae

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57
Q

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis

A

Papillomaviridae

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58
Q

Laryngeal papillomatosis

A

Papillomaviridae

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59
Q

Laryngeal papillomatosis HPV TYPES

A

HPV-6 and HPV-11

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60
Q

Cervical CA

A

Papillomaviridae

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61
Q

Cervical CA HPV TYPES

A

HPV-16 or HPV-18

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62
Q

DNA helicases, origin-binding protein

A

E1

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63
Q

Viral transcription/replication regulator

A

E2

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64
Q

Essential for E2 function

A

E4

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65
Q

Membrane-associated protein, cell proliferation

A

E5

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66
Q

Transforming protein, p53 binding

A

E6

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67
Q

Transforming protein, pRB binding

A

E7

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68
Q

Major capsid protein

A

L1
L2

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69
Q

JC virus

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

A

Polyomaviridae

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70
Q

Dementia

A

JC virus

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71
Q

Hemiparesis

Disturbance of speech and vision

A

JC virus

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72
Q

• Other rare JC-associated diseases include:

A
  1. JC virus granule cell neuronopathy
  2. JC virus encephalopathy
  3. JC virus meningitis
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73
Q

BK virus - nephropathy in transplant recipients

A

Polyomaviridae

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74
Q

rise in creatinine

A

•BK associated nephropathy (BKVAN)

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75
Q

hemorrhagic cystitis

A

BK virus

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76
Q

•post HCST renal impairment

A

BK viremia

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77
Q

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)

A

Polyomaviridae

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78
Q

SV40

A

Polyomaviridae

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79
Q

KI and WU

A

Polyomaviridae

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80
Q

Characterized by infecting myelin sheath producing cells leading to speech and motor incoordination among infected individuals leading to paralysis, eventually death within 2 years

A

PML

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81
Q

astrocytes, neuron, glial cells

A

PMN

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82
Q
  • UTI assoc, polyomavirus
A

Polyomaviridae

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83
Q
  • Renal disease (i.e., hemorrhagic cystitis)
A

Polyomaviridae

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84
Q
  • Merkel cell CA assoc. MCV
A

Polyomaviridae

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85
Q

-PML

A

Polyomaviridae

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86
Q

Hodgkins’ type lymphoma

A

Polyomaviridae

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87
Q

Mastadenoviruses

A

Adenoviridae

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88
Q

Adenovirus 1-37, Enteric adenovirus 40-41

A

Adenoviridae

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89
Q

Aviadenoviruses

A

Adenoviridae

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90
Q

Common acute respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens

A

Mastadenovirus Adenovirus 1-37

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91
Q

pharyngitis, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia

laryngeal infection

otitis media

A

Common acute respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens

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92
Q

Eye infection

A

Mastadenovirus Adenovirus 1-37

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93
Q

Pharyngoconjuctival fever

A

Mastadenovirus Adenovirus 1-37

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94
Q

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

A

Mastadenovirus Adenovirus 1-37

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95
Q

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is associated with types

A

8,19 and 37

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96
Q

palpebral edema

hyperemia

chemosis

A

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

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97
Q

may developed into ipsilateral pre- auricular lymphadenopathy

A

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

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98
Q

Thirdmost prevalent agent of infantile gastroenteritis worldwide after Rotavirus and Norovirus

A

Gastroenteritis

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99
Q

watery diarrhea

vomiting

dehydration

low- grade fever

A

Gastroenteritis

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100
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
Adenoviridae

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101
Q

Probe hybridization

A

Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
Adenoviridae

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102
Q

In situ hybridization

A

Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae

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103
Q

Detection of B19 IgM antibody and B19 IgG antibody

Antigen detection assays

A

Parvoviridae

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104
Q

Immunohistochemistry

In situ IF

A

Parvoviridae
Polyomaviridae

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105
Q

Papanicolaou smear (PAP smear)

A

Papillomaviridae

106
Q

Cell culture not useful

A

Papillomaviridae

107
Q
  • Using electron microscopy
  • Urine cytology (JCV or BKV)
A

Polyomaviridae

108
Q

Radiographic studies of the brain

  • MRI
  • CAT(CT)-Scan
A

Polyomaviridae

109
Q

Detection of viral DNA using CSF as the sample (JC virus), urine, blood or biopsied material

A

Polyomaviridae

110
Q

immunoperoxidase

A

Polyomaviridae

111
Q

Probe hybridization of serum or tissue extracts

A

Parvoviridae

112
Q

In situ hybridization of fixed tissue

A

Parvoviridae

113
Q

Cell cultures using derived from epithelial cells (e.g., primary human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, continuous [transformed] lines, such as HeLa, human epidermal carcinoma cells and KB)

A
114
Q

Immunoassays (ELISA, FA using anti-hexon Ab on infected cells)

A

Adenoviridae

115
Q

PCR using single primer pairs which target conserved segments that bracket hypervariable region in the heron gene

A

Adenoviridae

116
Q

HemagglutinationInhibition (HI) and neutralization test (Nt)

A

Adenoviridae

117
Q

measure type specific-Ag to identify specific serotypes

A

HemagglutinationInhibition (HI) and neutralization test (Nt)

118
Q

Complementfixation (CF), HI, and Nt (most sensitive)

A

Adenoviridae

119
Q

Enteropathogenic adenoviruses can be detected by:

A

-Directexamination of fecal extracts by electron microscopy
-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- latex agglutination test

120
Q

has terminal loops

A

Poxviridae

121
Q

has low G + C content (30-40%) except for Parapoxvirus (63%)

A

Poxviridae

122
Q

Proteins: Virions contain more than 100 polypeptides; many enzymes are present in core, including transcriptional system

A

Poxviridae

123
Q

Envelope: Virion assembly involves formation of multiple membranes

A

Poxviridae

124
Q

Poxvirus virions have two infectious forms

A

Mature virion
-Enveloped virion

125
Q

intracellular; dumbbell-shaped core wrapped with a single lipid membrane

A

Mature virion

126
Q

extracellular; possesses an additional lipid membrane

A

Enveloped virion

127
Q

• Largest most complex viruses; very resistant to inactivation

A

Poxviridae

128
Q

was the first viral disease eradicated from the world

A

Smallpox

129
Q

Orthopoxvirus

A

Variola
Vaccinia
Buffalopox
Monkeypox
Cowpox

130
Q

Parapox

A

Orf
Pseudocowpox
Bovine papular stomatitis

131
Q

Molluscipoxvirus

A

Molluscum contagiosum

132
Q

Yatapoxvirus

A

Tanapox
Yabapox

133
Q

Primary Host: Humans

A

Variola
Vaccinia
Molluscum contagiosum

134
Q

Primary Host: Water buffalo

A

Buffalopox

135
Q

Primary Host: Rodents

A

Monkeypox

136
Q

Primary Host: Sheep

A

Orf
Pseudocowpox

137
Q

Primary Host: Cows

A

Cowpox
Bovine papular stomatitis

138
Q

Primary Host: Monkeys

A

Monkeypox
Tanapox
Yabapox

139
Q

Smallpox

A

Variola

140
Q

Localized lesion; used for smallpox vaccination

A

Vaccinia

141
Q

Human infections rare; localised lesion

A

Buffalopox
Cowpox

Orf
Pseudocowpox
Bovine papular stomatitis

Tanapox

142
Q

Human infections very rare and accidental; localised skin tutors

A

Yabapox

143
Q

Human infections rare; generalised disease

A

Monkeypox

144
Q

Many benign skin nodules

A

Molluscum contagiosum

145
Q

Vesicular rash

A

Variola virus (Smallpox

146
Q

cutaneous ulcerative lesions

A

Vaccinia virus (Cowpox)

147
Q

a viremia which can metastasize into various organs and may cause death

A

vaccinia necrosum

148
Q

— assoc, with 15- 40% mortality

A

Variola Major

149
Q

— assoc, with 1% mortality

A

Variola Minor

150
Q

Four Clinical Presentation of Variola Major

A

A. Mild
B. Modified
C. FIat
D. Hemorrhagic

151
Q

deep red hemorrhagic lesions

A

cowpox

152
Q

occupational disease sheep and goat handlers

A

Orf virus

153
Q

contagious pustular dermati or sore mouth infection

A

Orf virus

154
Q

vesiculogranulomatous lesions on hands and face

A

Orf virus

155
Q

contagious ecthyma, contagious pustular dermatitis or scabby mouth

A

Orf virus

156
Q

derivative of vaccinia virus that has persisted in India

A

Buffalopox virus

157
Q

are similar to smallpox

A

Monkeypox virus

158
Q

are similar to cowpox

A

Buffalopox virus

159
Q

Common method of examination to differentiate monkeypox from chickenpox and smallpox

A

presence of lymphadenopathy in the cervical, mandibular, and inguinal regions

160
Q

benign epidermal tumor that occurs only in humans

A

Molluscum contagiosum

161
Q

Envelope contains the glycoprotein HBsAg of three different size species with common C-termini, L-HBsAg (gp 42), M-HBsAg (gp 36), and S-HBsAg (9P 27)

A

Hepadnaviridae

162
Q

Spherical

A

Hepadnaviridae
Herpesviridae

163
Q

•Core contains the phosphoprotein HBcAg, plus polymerase with three enzyme activities: reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and RNase H

A

Hepadnaviridae

164
Q

nudeocapsids, 18 nm

A

Hepadnaviridae

165
Q

most abundant & basic constituent of non- infectious HBsAg particles

A

Small (S)

166
Q

Virion: Dane particle

A

Hepadnaviridae

167
Q

Non-infectious particles
- composed of lipid and envelope proteins
- spheres and filaments (22 nm, lengths up to 200 nm)

A

Hepadnaviridae

168
Q

Hepadnaviridae
• Negative DNA strand is [?]
• Positive DNA strand is [?]

A

full length
partially complete

169
Q

• Genome encodes four ORF’s

A

S
C
P
X

170
Q

encodes the envelope protein, S with three forms: L, M and S (HBsAg

A

S

171
Q

encodes HBcAg and HBeAg proteins (“core”)

A

C

172
Q

encodes a polymerase with three functions

A

P

173
Q

encodes a transactivating protein, HBx

A

X

174
Q

First and second most common cause of acute viral hepatitis

A

1 HAV
2 HBV

175
Q

Hepadna encodes several proteins

A

HBsAg [L, M, SI]
HBe/HBc antigens

176
Q

produce and release large amounts of HBsAg particles lacking

genome can integrate into the host chromosome

A

HBV

177
Q

Orthohepadnavirus

A

Hepatitis B virus
Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV)
Ground squirrel hepatitis

178
Q

Avihepadna virus

A

Duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV)

179
Q

Life Cycle of HBV

A
  1. Attachment and HBV entry.
  2. Release of viral nucleocapsid
  3. Transport and release of rcDNA into nucleus
  4. cccDNA formation/maintenance
  5. HBV transcription
  6. Translation of viral proteins
  7. Encapsidation, reverse transcription and DNA synthesis
  8. Maturation and release
180
Q

serves as a stable template for transcription of viral mRNA

A

cccDNA

181
Q

essential for HBV replication

Associates with cccDNA

A

HBx protein

182
Q

•Incubation Period: 40 to 180 days

A

HBV

183
Q

Phases of HBV

A
  1. Pre-icteric (Prodromal Phase)
  2. Icteric
  3. Convalescent
184
Q

-dark urine (bilirubinuria) and closely followed by pale stools and jaundice

A

Icteric

185
Q
  • Uncommon but devastating outcome
  • Acute liver failure (can lead to death unless emergency liver transplantation is performed)
A

Fulminant hepatitis

186
Q

undergo periodic reactivation

A

Herpesviridae

187
Q

possess a large number of genes, some of which have proved to be susceptible to antiviral chemotherapy

A

Herpesviridae

188
Q

Herpesviridae that commonly infect humans

A

HHV 1 to 8

189
Q

•An amorphous, sometimes asymmetric structure between the capsid and envelope is designated the tegument

A

Herpesviridae

190
Q

genomes possess terminal and internal repeated sequences

A

Herpesviridae

191
Q

undergo genome rearrangements, giving rise to different genome “isomers’’

A

HSVs

192
Q

encode an array of virus-specific enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism, DNA synthesis, gene expression, and protein regulation

A

Herpesviruses

193
Q

DNA polymerase, helicase- primase, thymidine kinase, transcription factors, protein kinases

A

Herpesviruses

194
Q

Herpesviridae

mechanism; sequential transcription and translation of:

A

immediate early (a), early (P), and late (y) genes

195
Q

encode many enzymes (DNA polymerase) that promote viral DNA replication

A

Herpesviridae

196
Q

establish latent infections

A

Herpesviridae

197
Q

persits indefinitely in infected hosts

A

Herpesviridae

198
Q

frequently reactivated in immunosuppressed hosts

A

Herpesviridae

199
Q

some cause cancer

A

Herpesviridae

200
Q

good targets for antiviral drugs

A

Herpesviridae

201
Q

Encapsidation, Latent infection, DNA replication and capsid assembly site

A

nucleus

202
Q

Enveloped virions accumulate in the ER and are released by

A

exocytosis

cell lysis

cell-to-cell bridges

203
Q

intranuclear inclusions, cytomegalic cells or syncytia

A

Herpesviridae

204
Q

Triggers virus replication and recurrent or intermittent shedding of virus, sometimes accompanied by recrudescence of clinical disease

A

Reactivation

205
Q

immortalizing infections

A

Epstein-Barr virus

206
Q

• Ubiquitous

A

Herpesviridae

207
Q

• Cell-mediated immunity is required for control

A

Herpesviridae

208
Q

Herpesviridae

Transcription of the viral genome and viral protein synthesis proceeds in a coordinated and regulated manner in three phases:

A
  1. Immediate early proteins (a)
  2. Early proteins (p)
  3. Late proteins (y)
209
Q

consisting of proteins important for the regulation of gene transcription and takeover of the cell

A
  1. Immediate early proteins (a)
210
Q

consisting of more transcription factors and enzymes, including the DNA polymerase

A
  1. Early proteins (p)
211
Q

consisting mainly of structural proteins, which are generated after viral genome replication has begun

A
  1. Late proteins (y)
212
Q

Herpesviridae Taxonomic Classification

A
  1. Alphaherpesviruses
  2. Betaherpesviruses
  3. Gammaherpesviridae
213
Q

Interpretation of HBV Serologic Markers

A
214
Q

Alphaherpesvirinae

A

Simplexvirus
Varicellovirus

215
Q

Betaherpesvirinae

A

Cytomegalovirus
Roseotovirus

216
Q

Gammaherpesvirinae

A

Lymphocrytovirus
Rhadinovirus

217
Q

Herpes simplex virus type 1

Herpes simplex virus type 2

A

Simplexvirus
HHV 1
HHV 2

218
Q

Human herpesvirus 6
Human herpesvirus 7

A

Roseotovirus
HHV 6
HHV 7

219
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

A

Lymphocrytovirus
HHV 4

220
Q

Kaposi sarcomaassociated virus

A

Rhadinovirus
HHV 8

221
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Cytomegalovirus
HHV-5

222
Q

Varicella-zoster virus

A

Varicellovirus
HHV-3

223
Q

Neurons
Short, cytolytic

A

HHV1
HHV2
HHV3

224
Q

Glands, kidneys

Long, cytomegalic

A

HHV 5

225
Q

Lymphoid tissue

Long, lymphoproliferative

A

HHV 6
HHV 7

226
Q

Lymphoid tissue

Variable, lymphoproliferative

A

HHV 4
HHV 8

227
Q

Gingivostomatitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Encephalitis
Genital disease
Infections in newborns

A

HSV

228
Q

(cold sores/ “fever blisters”)

A

Herpes Labialis

229
Q

Herpetic keratitis

A

Ocular Herpes

230
Q

cutaneous herpes

A

Herpetic whitlow
Herpes gladiatorum
Eczema herpeticum

231
Q

is an infection of the finger

A

Herpetic whitlow

232
Q

is acquired by children with active eczema

A

Eczema herpeticum

233
Q

is an infection of the body

A

Herpes gladiatorum

234
Q

prevalent diagnosis in young adults with sore throats

A

Herpes pharyngitis

235
Q

Cowdry type A acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

HHV 1
HHV 2

236
Q

syncytia formation

A

HSV

237
Q

infects the innervating neuron, traveling by retrograde transport

A

HSV

238
Q

for oral HSV

A

trigeminal ganglia

239
Q

for genital HSV

A

sacral ganglia

240
Q

are important to maintain HSV in latency

A

•CD8 T cells and IFN-y

241
Q

contains infectious virions

A

vesicle fluid

242
Q

is caused by a combination of viral pathology and immunopathology

A

Tissue damage

243
Q

are required to kill infected cells and resolve acute disease

A

•T-helper 1 (THl)-associated and CD8 cytotoxic killer T-cell

244
Q

•Antibody directed against the [?] of the virus neutralizes extracellular virus, limiting its spread, but is not sufficient to resolve the infection

A

glycoproteins

245
Q

HSV infection is likely to recur and be more severe and may disseminate to the vital organs and the brain in it’s absence

A

functional cell-mediated immunity

246
Q

Triggers of HSV Recurrences

A

• Ultraviolet B radiation (skiing, tanning)
• Fever (hence the name “fever blister”)
•Emotional stress (e.g., final examinations, big date)
• Physical stress (irritation)
• Menstruation
• Foods: spicy, acidic, allergies
• Immunosuppression

247
Q

establishes latency in neurons

A

HSV

248
Q

HSV is reactivated from latency by

A

stress or immune suppression

249
Q

the only herpesvirus that is spread through the respiratory route

A

HHV 3

250
Q

• Causes chickenpox

A

HHV 3

251
Q

latent infection in neurons, specifically the dorsal root ganglia

A

HHV 3

252
Q

shingles

A

HHV 3

253
Q

Varicella

A

HHV 3

254
Q

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

A

HHV 3

255
Q

Acute cerebellar ataxia

A

HHV 3

256
Q

Highly contagious disease, one of the classic childhood exanthems

A

Varicella

257
Q

encephalitis

A

Varicella

258
Q

erythematous base

dewdrop on a rose petal

2-4mm

A

Varicella

259
Q

hallmark of Varicella

A

dewdrop on a rose petal

260
Q

scabbed lesion appears— prevalent on trunk and head

A

Varicella

Mycology and Virology (20 decks)

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