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PSYC 101 > 3-Memory and parts of the brain involved with memory > Flashcards

3-Memory and parts of the brain involved with memory Flashcards

1
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

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2
Q

Chunking

A
  • organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
    • Usefully for info like dates and phone numbers
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3
Q

Elaborating rehearsal

A

technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

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4
Q

Mnemonic devices

A
  • memory aids that help us organize information for encoding
    • Use for when recalling larger bits of info
    • Acronym, knuckles, etc.
    • The more vivid or unusual, the easier it is to remember
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5
Q

Expressive writing

A

Helps boost short term memory, particularly if you write about a traumatic experience

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6
Q

Saying words aloud

A

Increases the word’s distinctiveness

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7
Q

self-reference effect

A

Rewrite stuff in your own words

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8
Q

forgetting curve

A

information you learn drops off rapidly with time

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9
Q

automatic processing

A

encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words→ usually done without any conscious awareness

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10
Q

effortful processing

A

stuff you need work and attention to encode

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11
Q

SEMANTIC ENCODING

A
  • Encoding of words and their meaning
  • relating info in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory
  • Information is better remember when it is meaningful
    • The more meaning the better!!
  • Deeper level of processing than the other encoding methods
  • We process verbal information best through this
    • Especially if we apply the self-reference effect
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12
Q

self-reference effect

A

Tendency for individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less

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13
Q

VISUAL ENCODING

A
  • Encoding of images
  • Walk around house, think of the weirdest things that places could be
  • also related to the inherent properties of the word
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14
Q

High imagery words

A
  • easy to find image, concrete
    • Encoded both semantically and visually
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15
Q

Low imagery words

A

abstract, hard to find

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16
Q

ACOUSTIC ENCODING

A
  • Encoding the sounds that the words make
  • Enhanced through semantic and auditory coding (e.g. rhyming)
17
Q

STORAGE

A

creation of a permanent record of information

18
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

A
  • based on belief that we process memories in the same way that a computer processes information
  • for a memory to pass into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages:
    • sensory memory
    • short-term memory
    • long-term memory
19
Q

Baddeley and Hitch Model

A
  • short term memory itself has different forms
  • storing short term memory depends on the type of information received
    • visual-spatial form
    • spoken or written material
  • stored in three short-term systems:
    • visuospatial sketchpad
    • episodic buffer
    • phonological loop
  • there is a central executive part of memory that supervises/controls the flow of information to and from the three short-term systems
20
Q

Sensory Memory

A

stimuli from environment processed in sensory memory first
- brief sensory events—sights, sounds, tastes

  • holds sensory information for anywhere between 0.5-5 seconds
  • Sights sounds tastes textures
  • Helps us interact and navigate the world, but most of the information (what I wore during the midterm) is useless
  • Any information not attended to will be lost
21
Q

Stroop effect

A

will name a colour more easily if it appears printed in that colour

22
Q

short-term memory

A

temporary storage that processes incoming sensory memory (AKA working memory)

  • Takes info from sensory info and connects to long term information
  • lasts around 20 seconds
  • will remain in short term memory as long as it is rehearsed
  • On average—can handle 7 plus or minus 2 pieces of information
  • Short term memory is better with:
    • Numbers vs letters
    • Acoustic vs visual encoding
23
Q

memory consolidation

A

step of rehearsal, conscious repetition of information to be remembered to move STM to long-term memory

24
Q

long-term memory

A

continuous storage of information with no storage limit

25
Q

types of long-term memory

A
  • Explicative (declarative)
    • Episodic (about events we personally experienced)
    • Semantic (language and knowledge about language)
  • Implicit (non-declarative) not part of our conscious; formed from behaviours
    • Procedural (juggling)
    • Emotional conditioning (associating an emotion with an experience)

important because things can leave certain types of LTM intact while others are damaged

26
Q

RETRIEVAL

A

bringing information out of long term storage into short term memory

  • Recall
    - Retrieving information without any retrieval cues
    - Short answer
  • Recognition
    - Identify information that you have previously learned
    - Multiple choice
    - Retrieval cue—external information that is associated with stored information
    - Environment can act as a retrieval cue
    - Inner state can also act as retrieval cue—state-dependent retrieval
    - Good mood vs bad mood!
    - Recall is better if in same state during encoding
  • Relearning
    - relearning information that was previously learned
27
Q

KARL KASHLEY

A
  • first science to formally explore memory
  • used experiments on mice and rats and monkeys
    • put them in maze, get them to learn the maze
    • then took them out, damaged parts of the mice’s brain
    • can they still solve the problem?
      • YES! no matter WHERE
  • was looking for the engram
  • believed that the brain was super super alive!
  • As a result, he made the Equipotentiality hypothesis
  • But… he was not making lesions the right parts of the brain
    • soooo he was wrong
28
Q

engram

A
  • physical bunch of neurons where your memory lives
  • Group of neurons that are the physical representation of memory
29
Q

EQUIPOTENTIALITY HYPOTHESIS

A

If the part of the brain involved with memory is damaged, another part of the brain will take over the memory function

30
Q

main parts of the brain involved with memory

A
  • amygdala — declarative and non-declarative (emotional)
  • the hippocampus—declarative (episodic memories) also consolidating long-term (note: also semantic memory)
  • the cerebellum—Non-declarative (procedural)
  • the prefrontal cortex—Declarative (semantic)
31
Q

THE AMYGDALA

A
  • Emotion regulation — Fear and aggression
  • Plays a part in how memories are stored
    • Storage is influenced by stress hormones
  • Involved in fear and fear memories
  • Lateral amygdala
    • Pairing emotions with memory
    • classical conditioning when is emotional response!
  • Involved in memory consolidation — turning something into long-term memory
  • Facilitate encoding memories At a deeper leave especially for emotionally arousing events
  • non-declarative (emotional)
32
Q

THE HIPPOCAMPUS

A
  • normal recognition memory and spatial memory
  • Projects information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories
  • associated with declarative, episodic memory, and recognition memory
  • Responsible for episodic memories
  • recognition memory
  • Plays a part in memory consolidation—the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory
  • Calls on all parts of the brain to reconstruct a memory
  • Damage: affects declarative memories
33
Q

THE CEREBELLUM

A
  • Non-declarative memories
  • Procedural memories
  • Motor learning
  • Classical conditioning—whenever it’s a MOTOR RESPONSE being conditioned
34
Q

THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX

A
  • What specialization do we find in our prefrontal cortex
    • Inferior frontal gyrus — semantic learning
  • LEFT hemisphere: semantic memory
  • RIGHT hemisphere: retrieving information
35
Q

what neurotransmitters are involved in memory

A

Dopamine / norepinephrine / serotonin / glutamate / acetylcholine

36
Q

Arousal theory

A
  • strong emotions create strong memories
    • Times of stress: glutamate is like yo.
    • Highly visceral stimuli, more glutamate released
37
Q

Flashbulb memory phenomenon

A

very clear recollection of an important event

38
Q

Deere-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm

A

procedure in cognitive psychology used to study false memory in humans (omg a bunch of sleep-related words but sleep isn’t actually there!!)

PSYC 101 (19 decks)

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