Chapter 2 Flashcards
covalent bonds
atoms share electrons (strong bonds)
non-covalent bonds
dynamic interactions (weak)
weak bonds
stabilize and allow for dynamic interactions
electrostatic interactions
non-covalent interactions between a pair of ions (bigger the charge, stronger the interaction)
hydrogen bonds
bonds between polar groups that form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom attracts another electronegative atom
Van der Waals interactions
region of positive and negative charge induces a complementary asymmetry neighbor and the two atoms attract
water
- simple polar molecule
- can act as a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor
- highly cohesive
- high heat capacity
- high viscosity and high surface tension
condensation
polymerization by loss of water
hydrolysis
cleavage by addition of water
hydrophobic effect
hydrophobic molecules cluster together in water to minimize the number of ordered waters and maximize entropy
Bronsted-Lowry
acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors
Equilibrium equation
Keq= products / reactants
Ion product of water
Kw = 10^-14
neutral pH where H+ and OH- are equal
1 * 10^-7
pH
ph = -log[H+]
