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ScribeAmerica Training > OP 2: Chronic Diseases > Flashcards

OP 2: Chronic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered a chronic illness?

A

When it lasts longer than 3 months

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2
Q

Define comorbities

A

The simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

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3
Q

What is an example of comorbidity?

A

A patient has both hypertension and hyperlipidemia

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4
Q

Having comorbidity will increase what?

A

A patient’s complexity and health risk

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5
Q

What does comorbidity equal to?

A

Complex

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6
Q

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, the treatment of one disease may what?

A

Affect or contradict the treatment of the second

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7
Q

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, by having what type of drug interactions?

A

Adverse

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8
Q

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, by having compound symptoms that may lead to what?

A

To poor compliance with treatment plan

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9
Q

Patients with comorbities are complex in a number of ways, if both illnesses affect a specific organ system, what will happen to the patient?

A

An increased risk of organ failure

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10
Q

What are the risk factors of HTN?

A

FHx of HTN, obesity, high sodium diet, smoking, ETOH

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of HTN?

A

Often asymptomatic & a headache is the most common symptom

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12
Q

What is the diagnosis of HTN?

A

Through blood pressure reading. Typically, it takes several high readings to confirm.

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13
Q

What is the etiology of HTN?

A

An increase in blood pressure causes excess force against the arterial walls, damaging arteries over time

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14
Q

What does Systolic Blood Pressure measure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (beats)

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15
Q

What does Systolic Blood Pressure measure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (beats)

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16
Q

What does diastolic blood pressure measure?

A

The pressure in the arteries when relaxed (between heart beats)

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17
Q

What is the SYS for hypotensive?

A

Less than 90

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18
Q

What is the DIA for hypotensive?

A

Less than 60

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19
Q

What is SYS for normal?

A

90 to 120

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20
Q

What is DIA for normal?

A

60 to 80

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21
Q

What is SYS for prehypertensive?

A

121 to 140

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22
Q

What is DIA for prehypertensive?

A

81 to 90

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23
Q

What is SYS for hypertensive?

A

Greater than 140

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24
Q

What is DIA for hypertensive?

A

Greater than 90

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25
Q

How does HTN effect the eyes?

A

Impair the vision by increasing pressure through the delicate vessels of the eyes causes them to thicken/rupture causing vision loss

26
Q

How does HTN effect the kidneys?

A

Renal Failure by increasing blood pressure through the kidneys causing weakening leading to renal failure

27
Q

How does HTN effect the brain?

A

By CVA. Consistently increased pressure through the vessels of the brain causes weakening of arteries leading to potential rupture and hemorrhagic CVA.

28
Q

How does HTN effect the heart?

A

CAD/MI. Untreated HTN causes arteriosclerosis (thickening of arteries) which increases the risk of CAD or acute MI

29
Q

How does HTN effect the heart?

A

CHF. The heart experiences increased effort and decreased efficiency, pumping excess fluid through the body.

30
Q

What is the key concept of HTN of the blood vessels?

A

It damages it

31
Q

What are the ways of non-pharmacological management of HTN?

A

Low sodium diet, exercise, smoking & ETOH Cessation, BP log at home

32
Q

How is a low sodium diet a non-pharmacological management of HTN?

A

Sodium increases blood pressure because it causes kidneys to hold excess fluid in the body, thereby increasing one’s overall volume. Decreasing sodium intake lowers blood pressure

33
Q

How is exercise non-pharmacological management of HTN?

A

Consistent exercise (30 minutes, more than 3 times per week)

34
Q

How is smoking & ETOH Cessation a non-pharmacological management of HTN?

A

Nicotine and alcohol are vasoconstrictors (shrinks blood vessels)

35
Q

How is logging BP at home non-pharmacological management of HTN?

A

Measure BP at home throughout the day and record the effects of lifestyle changes

36
Q

What is an example of an ACE Inhibitor?

A

Lisinopril (zestril) & Lotensin (benazepril)

37
Q

What is an ACE Inhibitor?

A

They relax arteries and block reabsorption of water by kidneys

38
Q

What is a Ca Channel Blockers?

A

Dilate the arteries and reduce the force of the heart’s contractions

39
Q

What are examples of Ca Channel Blockers?

A

Norvasc (amlodipine) & Cardizem (diltiazem)

40
Q

What is a Diuretic?

A

Reduce the volume of fluid in the blood vessels by urinating excess fluid

41
Q

What is an example of a diuretic?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

42
Q

What is an ARBs?

A

They dilate the arteries

43
Q

What are examples of ARBs?

A

Cozaar (losartan) & Benicar (olmesartan)

44
Q

What type of DM is insulin insufficient?

A

Type 1

45
Q

What type of DM is insulin resistance?

A

Type 2

46
Q

What type of DM will have the pancreas unable to produce insulin which moves glucose from the blood into cells?

A

Type 1

47
Q

What type of DM effects only 5% of today’s DM patients

A

Type 1

48
Q

What type of DM is always treated with insulin?

A

Type 1

49
Q

What type of DM is typically diagnosed early in life. Strong FHx component?

A

Type 1

50
Q

What type of DM is consistently high blood glucose levels cause cells to become resistance to insulin

A

Type 2

51
Q

What type of DM can be treated with diet changes, non-insulin meds, or insulin?

A

Type 2

52
Q

What type of DM has a FHx component, but also SHx factors including diet and exercise

A

Type 2

53
Q

What type of DM can be insulin dependent?

A

Both type 1 and type 2

54
Q

What is the etiology of Type 2 DM?

A

The inadequacy of insulin in controlling the blood glucose level (insulin resistance)

55
Q

What are the risk factors of type 2 DM?

A

FHx of DM, obesity, high carb diet, lack of exercise

56
Q

What are the symptoms of Type 2 DM?

A

Unusual weight loss or gain & Polyuria, Polydipsia, blurred vision, N/V

57
Q

What does Polyuria mean?

A

Increased urination

58
Q

What does Polydipsia mean?

A

Increased thirst

59
Q

What is the diagnosis of Type 2 DM?

A

Fasting blood glucose/ hemoglobin A1c

60
Q

How does DM effect the eyes?

A

Diabetic Retinopathy. It damages to the small vessels of the eyes can cause them to hemorrhage, leading to blurred vision, nearsightedness, or loss of vision.

61
Q

How does DM effect the kidney’s?

A

Renal Failure. Chronically elevated blood glucose destroys the glomeruli of the kidney’s, leading to renal failure.

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