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Geography Paper 1 - Physical Geography > Section A - Tectonic Processes and Hazards > Flashcards

Section A - Tectonic Processes and Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is a constructive plate boundary?

A

Also known as a divergent plate boundary - two plates pulling apart

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2
Q

What is a destructive plate boundary? (3 EGs)

A

Also known as a convergent plate boundary - two plates colliding - EG Pinatubo, Haiti and Japan

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3
Q

What is a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates sliding past each other

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4
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing

A
  • Earthquake
  • 2011
  • Developed
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5
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Magnitude

A

9.0 on the Richter Scale

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6
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Cause of hazard

A

Sudden tectonic movement on the destructive boundary between the Pacific and Okhotsk plates

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7
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Primary impacts (deaths and homeless)

A

15,500 deaths
450,000 homeless

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8
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Secondary impacts (cost of damages)

A

$235 billion in damages

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9
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Immediate responses

A
  • Disaster shelters established
  • People evacuated to safety
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10
Q

Case study - Japan (Tohoku) - Long term responses

A
  • More earthquake prediction technology installed
  • More earthquake proof buildings built
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11
Q

Case study - Haiti - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing

A
  • Earthquake
  • 2010
  • Developing
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12
Q

Case study - Haiti - Magnitude

A

7.1 on the Richter Scale

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13
Q

Case study - Haiti - Cause of hazard

A

Sudden tectonic movement on the destructive boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates

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14
Q

Case study - Haiti - Primary impacts (deaths and displaced)

A
  • 250,000 deaths
  • 1.5 million displaced
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15
Q

Case study - Haiti - Secondary impacts (cost)

A

$8 billion in damages

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16
Q

Case study - Haiti - Immediate responses (rescue details)

A
  • Army drafted in to help rescue people
  • 2 million people rescued up to 90 days after the disaster
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17
Q

Case study - Haiti - Long-term responses (how many in temp shelters?)

A
  • Some efforts to rehouse those affected, but over 1 million still live in temporary shelters
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18
Q

Case study - Iceland - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing

A
  • Volcano
  • 2010
  • Developed
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19
Q

Case study - Iceland - Magnitude

A

3.1 VEI

20
Q

What does VEI stand for?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

21
Q

Case study - Iceland - Cause of hazard

A

Divergent boundary between the Eurasian and North American plates

22
Q

Case study - Iceland - Primary impacts (deaths, ? destroyed)

A
  • No deaths
  • Homes and roads destroyed
23
Q

Case study - Iceland - Secondary impacts (costs)

A

£3 billion in damages

24
Q

Case study - Iceland - Immediate responses (3)

A
  • 700 evacuated
  • Exclusion zone created
  • More than 1000 live stock evacuated
25
Q

Case study - Iceland - Long-term responses

A

Icelandic gov rebuilt river banks higher than before

26
Q

Case study - Philippians - Type of hazard, year, developed/developing

A
  • Volcano
  • 1991
  • Developing
27
Q

Case study - Philippians - Magnitude

A

6 VEI

28
Q

Case study - Philippians - Cause of hazard

A

Convergent boundary between Eurasian and Philippine plate

29
Q

Case study - Philippians - Primary impacts (deaths, homelessness)

A
  • 350 deaths
  • 200,000 homeless
30
Q

Case study - Philippians - Secondary impacts (cost of damages)

A

$700 million in damages

31
Q

Case study - Philippians - Immediate responses

A
  • Initial 10 billion peso fund for aid and relief
  • Evacuation camps set up in the immediate aftermath of the eruption
32
Q

Case study - Philippians - Long-term responses

A
  • 350 million peso resettlement scheme
  • 7.5 billion peso infrastructure rebuilding scheme
33
Q

Models - What is Deggs model?

A

Shows the interaction between hazards, disasters and human vulnerability

34
Q

What is the PAR model?

A

Measures the progression of vulnerability = risk = hazard x vulnerability

35
Q

Advantages of the PAR model? (1)

A
  • Takes many factors into account such as how vulnerable the country is, economic pressures and physical exposures
36
Q

Disadvantages of the PAR model? (2)

A
  • No statistics so its hard to compare
  • No timescale
37
Q

Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the total number of hazards?

A

The total number of hazards recorded over the last 50 years has increased

38
Q

Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the number of natural disasters since 2000?

A

The number of natural disasters has been falling since the early 2000s

39
Q

Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the number of deaths from disasters?

A

The number of deaths from disasters has decreased except in the case of mega-disasters

40
Q

Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the number of people affected by hazards?

A

The number of people affected by hazards is increasing especially for hydrological and meteorological hazards

41
Q

Key trends of tectonic hazards in the last 50 years - What has happened to the economic cost of hazards and disasters?

A

Economic costs of hazards and disasters has increased significantly since the 1960s

42
Q

What is a multiple hazard zone?

A

Multiple hazard zones are places where two or more natural hazards occur, and in some cases interact to produce complex disasters

43
Q

MHZ case study - Philippians - Tropical storms

A

Tropical storms in the Philippians - Typhoon Haiyan - Nov 2013

44
Q

MHZ case study - Philippians - Earthquakes - magnitude, deaths, injuries

A

Earthquakes in the Philippians - 2013 - Magnitude 7.2 earthquake - killed over 200 people and injured over 800

45
Q

MHZ case study - Philippians - Volcanic activity

A

23 active volcanoes – Mount Pinatubo 1991 – early warnings saved around 5000 people – eruption then followed by Typhoon Yuana – final death toll around 850

Geography Paper 1 - Physical Geography (5 decks)

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