Chapter 12: Social Psychology

Question 1

Social identity theory

Answer 1

ingroups are people who see themselves in the same social category which causes pride in membership

Question 2

group polarization

Answer 2

group attitudes become more extreme over time

Question 3

groupthink

Answer 3

group makes a bad decision to preserve the group when under pressure, threats, or biased

Question 4

social facilitation

Answer 4

presence of others enhances performance

Question 5

social loafing

Answer 5

presence of others impairs performance

Question 6

deindividuation

Answer 6

people not self aware/ not paying attention to personal standards (usually when aroused, anonymous, and under diffused responsibility) MOB BEHAVIOR

Question 7

normative vs informational influence

Answer 7

normative- to fit in with group
informational- to behave how one should respond (varied among cultures)

Question 8

situational, biological, and social causes of aggression

Answer 8

situational- observational learning/ exposure to violence, social rejection, heat
biological- testosterone, serotonin, MAOA gene (regulates neurotransmitters)
social- culture of honor (dominance & protection)

Question 9

Sherif’s Study

Answer 9

boys put into groups and put against each other & became hostile. Then put together to achieve a common goal and hostility decreased as cooperation increased

Question 10

altruism

Answer 10

providing help when needed without a reward

Question 11

inclusive fitness

Answer 11

adaptive benefit of transmitting genes (kin selection) instead of individual survival

Question 12

4 factors of bystander intervention

Answer 12

diffused responsibility, social blunders, anonymity, and cost-benefit

Question 13

mere exposure affect

Answer 13

increased exposure = increased chance of positive attitude

Question 14

post-decisional dissonance

Answer 14

focus on chosen ideas positives and rejected idea’s negatives

Question 15

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 15

persuasive messages lead to attitude changes through central or peripheral route

Question 16

3 forms of inducing compliance

Answer 16

foot in the door- agreeing to small request increases chance of agreeing to large request
door in the face- refusing large request increases chance of agreeing to smaller request
low-balling- agreeing on a certain set quantity increases chances of paying more

Question 17

thin slices of behavior

Answer 17

accurate judgements can be made after only seconds of observation (nonverbal behavior)

Question 18

attributions

Answer 18

explanations for why events or actions occur (other’s behavior)

Question 19

personal/ dispositional attributes vs situational attributes

Answer 19

explanations of behavior based on characteristics, traits, moods, abilities
vs
explanations of behavior based on external events, luck, accidents, weather, etc

Question 20

fundamental attribution error

Answer 20

when explaining behavior, personal attributes are overestimated and situational attributes are underestimated

Question 21

actor/ observer discrepency

Answer 21

use situational attributes to describe one’s own behavior and personal attributes to explain others behavior

Question 22

interpreting behavior west vs east

Answer 22

no cultural difference in emphasizing personal factors, but differences in emphasizing situational factors

Question 23

shooter bias effect results

Answer 23

non gun trials- people more likely to press shoot on a black person
gun trials- people more likely to press don’t shoot on a white person

Question 24

reducing prejudice effects

Answer 24

sharing goals
stereotype training
bilingual instruction in schools

Question 25

stereotype threat & prevention

Answer 25

concern of conforming negative stereotypes related to one’s group which impairs their performance
(social connections, self affirmation, informing, reframing, and self-labeling)

Question 26

4 threats to a relationship

Answer 26

overly-critical, lacking respect, being defensive, mentally withdrawing

Question 27

attributional style

Answer 27

how one partner explains the other’s behavior

Question 28

accommodation

Answer 28

overlooking bad behavior or responding constructively (partner enhancing attributions vs distress maintaining)