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Psych 377 > The Parietal Lobes and Networks > Flashcards

The Parietal Lobes and Networks Flashcards

1
Q

what does the parietal lobe do?

A

processes and integrates sensory information

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2
Q

why are left parietal lobe injuries difficult to model in animals

A

because most experimental animals have smaller parietal lobes and lack higher cognitive functions

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3
Q

what are the major parietal lobe gyri and sulci

A

-postcentral gyrus
-superior parietal lobule
-intraparietal sulcus
-supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus in the inferior parietal lobe

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4
Q

what are brodmann’s cytoacrhtectonic regions of the parietal lobe?

A

1,2,3,5,7,39,40,43

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5
Q

what are the von economo’s cytoarchitectonic regions of the parietal lobe?

A

PA, PB, PC, PD, PE, PF, PG

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6
Q

what are the precuneus regions of the parietal lobes

A

cingulate gyrus and precuneus region

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7
Q

which particular part of parietal cortex has expanded greatly in human evolution?

A

inferior portion

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8
Q

where does the dorsal stream project to?

A

several parietal areas

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9
Q

how many regions is the precuneus divided into and what are their functions?

A

three, anterior (sensorimotor functions), central (cognitive functions) and posterior (visual functions)

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10
Q

where do somatosensory areas of the postcentral gyrus project to?

A

secondary somatosensory areas in the parietal lobe as well as motor planning and motor control areas in the frontal lobe

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11
Q

what is area PE/Brodmann’s area 5?

A

a secondary somatosensory area that projects to motor areas 4, 6 and 8 to guide movement by providing information about limb position

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12
Q

what is area PF/brodmann’s area 7?

A

it receives input from somatosensory areas via PE and projects to motor areas, is similar to area PE

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13
Q

what does area PG do?

A

integrates information from visual, somatosensory, auditory, vestibular, and oculomotor systems with cognitive input from the cingulate to control spatially guided behavior

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14
Q

where does the parietal lobe recieve innervation from

A

prefrontal cortex, and sends projections to same regions of the paralimbic and temporal cortex as the PFC does

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15
Q

dorsal visual stream seems to contain information about “_____”

A

how

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16
Q

what are the 3 pathways that are proposed to make up the dorsal steam?

A

1) Parieto-premotor pathway is primary “how” pathway for motor control
2) Parietal-prefrontal pathway is involved with working memory for visuospatial objects
3) parieto-medial-temporal pathway projects to the hippocampus and parahippocampal region and is suggested to be important for spatial recognition and navigation

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17
Q

what is the posterior parietal cortex important for

A

visuospatial behaviours

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18
Q

what are the more ventral regions of the parietal cortex for?

A

perceptual functions

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19
Q

what does the anterior region of the parietal lobe process

A

somatosensory information

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20
Q

posterior region integrates ____________ and ________ information with the aim of controlling movement

A

somatosensory and visual

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21
Q

what is the parietal lobe involved in?

A

creating a multisensory map of the world around us to enable us to interact effortlessly with the world

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22
Q

why is spatial info about objects important?

A

to direct actions to those objects and to understand their significance

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23
Q

how is location a property of an object?

A

form, color, motion etc

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24
Q

_______ lobe seems to encode information about how objects relate to each other

A

temporal

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25
Q

for movement guidance, the representation needs to be centered…

A

on the viewer

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26
Q

for object recognition, the focus needs to be ___________ ___________ and much of the _______ __________ information is ignored

A

object centered, viewer centered

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27
Q

eye movements are based on

A

position of the eye

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28
Q

limb control is based on

A

the position of the joints

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29
Q

_______ ________ __________ plays a significant role in guiding visuomotor behaviors

A

posterior parietal cortex

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30
Q

activity of neurons in posterior parietal cortex depends on what?

A

the visual stimulation and the ongoing behaviours of the individual

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31
Q

neurons in the posterior parietal cortex integrate what?

A

sensory info, motivations, and motor control information

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32
Q

when do the neurons in the posterior parietal cortex get more active?

A

when the individual shifts attention toward or makes a movement toward the target

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33
Q

what is sensorimotor transformation

A

the integration of movement intention with sensory feedback about how the intended movement compares with the actual movement to perform smooth movements towards the target

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34
Q

area _____ is involved in motor planning by encoding the desired outcome of the movement

A

PRR

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35
Q

recordings from area PRR can be used to…

A

control a prosthetic device

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36
Q

in the tactile discrimination task performed on a rat, neurons were stimulated in the parietal cortex using the activity patterns of a first rat. what was the result in the second rat?

A

the second rat “knew” how to do the task without ever being physically trained onit

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37
Q

in the ‘moving with the mind’ task, when were monkeys rewarded?

A

if their brain activity indicates that they are preparing to move to the correct target location

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38
Q

what region does research suggest is important for route knowledge in humans?

A

medial parietal region

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39
Q

cells in the medial parietal region are active when?

A

when a specific movement is made at a particular location

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40
Q

if the medial parietal region is inactivated in a monkey, what happens?

A

the animal gets lost and cannot navigate correctly

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41
Q

damage to which region impairs the ability to tell left from right, as well as the mental manipulation of objects?

A

posterior parietal damage

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42
Q

what is the condition when you are unable to perform calculations?

A

acalucalia

43
Q

why does acalaculia result from dysfunction of parietal lobe?

A

math can be interpreted as having a spatial component, especially when having to borrow in a subtraction problem

44
Q

why might patients with posterior parietal damage have language difficulties?

A

because of the spatial components of language
ie: tap versus pat, sentence structure

45
Q

posterior parietal damage makes it difficult to copy

A

observed movements

46
Q

damage to the postcentral gyrus and adjacent posterior parietal cortex results in what?

A

somatosensory symptoms

47
Q

what does damage to the postcentrul gyrus result in?

A

high sensory thresholds, impaired ability to sense position, and impaired stereognosis

48
Q

with ____ ____, lesions to the postcentral gyrus result in loss of feedback about the positions of the limbs, resulting in clumsy movements

A

afferent paresis

49
Q

what is stereognosis?

A

ability to identify an object by touch

50
Q

what is astereognosis?

A

loss of the ability to identify an object by touch

51
Q

what happens in simultaneous extinction?

A

a subject is presented with two objects at the same time, but patients with damage to the secondary somatosensory cortex notice and report only one of the objects

52
Q

what is numb touch?

A

-somatosensory equivalent of blind sight
-patients report loss of sensation from a region but can accurately report where they were touched within that region

53
Q

what is asomatognosia?

A

a condition where the patient loses knowledge about their own body or condition

54
Q

what is anosognosia

A

unawareness of illness

55
Q

what is anosodiaphoria?

A

indifference to illness

56
Q

what is autopagnosia?

A

inability to name and locate body parts

57
Q

what is aysmbolia for pain?

A

lack of typical avoidance reactions to pain

58
Q

what is finger agnosia and what is it associated with?

A

autopagnosia for fingers, associated with dyscalculia

59
Q

how does balint syndrom originate?

A

from bilateral parietal lesions

60
Q

what are some symptoms of balint syndrome?

A

-patients have normal vision and can recognize and use objects, pictures, and colors
-could move eyes but not fixate on a target
-have simultagnosia
-have optic ataxia and was unable to reach a specified target with visual guidance

61
Q

what is contralateral neglect?

A

-associated with right parietal stoke
-wen patients neglect the left half of their body and the world
-dont usually know that there is anything wrong

62
Q

how can patients recover from contralateral neglect?

A

by starting to respond to stimuli on the neglected side of the body as if they were on the intact side

63
Q

how can contralateral neglect be induced in healthy individuals?

A

-by applying TMS to the right intraparietal sulcus and angular gurys

64
Q

how can neglect occur from an injury?

A

from damage to frontal lobes, cingulate cortex, or subcortical regions

65
Q

how damage to posterior parietal impact object recognition?

A

-patients have difficulty recognizing objects in unfamiliar views or orientations, may have difficult mentally rotating image to try to make it look like the normal view

66
Q

Gerstmann syndrome occurs as a result of damage to what area?

A

left parietal lobe around area PG

67
Q

what is typically involved in Gerstmann syndrome?

A

finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia

68
Q

other left parietal lesions are associated with symptoms including:

A

-difficulties with writing, reading and grammar
-apraxia
-dyscalculia
-decreased digit span in verbal working memory
-difficulty with left-right discrimination

69
Q

what is agraphia

A

inability to write

70
Q

what is apraxia

A

loss of skilled movement

71
Q

in cases of ideomotor apraxia, patients are unable to…

A

copy movements made by other people

72
Q

what type of lesion is ideomotor apraxia associated with?

A

left-parietal lobe lesions

73
Q

in cases of construction apraxia, patients have issues with…

A

spatial organization and are unable to assemble puzzles, draw pictures, or copy facial movements

74
Q

what type of damage is construction apraxia associated with?

A

posterior-parietal-lobe damage to the left or right hemispheres

75
Q

impairments in drawing ability are most severe following damage to which parietal lobe?

A

right

76
Q

what is true of patients’s drawings who had left-parietal damage?

A

produced fewer recognizable drawings and used fewer lines

77
Q

what is true of the paintings of patients with right-parietal damage>

A

tended to neglect the left side of an image

78
Q

explain how parietal lesions impact drawing ability relating to language and fine motor control

A

-drawing an object requires a mental list of things to include. it requires some language skill to make the list. a convincing drawing requires fine motor control. both language and fine motor control are impaired following parietal lesions, contributing to poor drawing ability

79
Q

what does shifting attention involve?

A

resetting the visuomotor guidance system, associated with the parietal lobe, from one target to the next target

80
Q

what do tasks such as mental rotation require?

A

both the formation of a mental image and manipulation of that image

81
Q

left-parietal-lobe damage may impair what?

A

the formation of the mental image

82
Q

right-parietal-lobe damage may impair what?

A

the manipulation of the image

83
Q

damage to the left and right parietal lobes result in deficits of what?

A

deficits in spatial cognition

84
Q

what deficits seem to be most lateralized to left lobe lesions?

A

right left discrimination and Weigl;s sorting test

85
Q

what deficits seem to be most lateralized to right lobe lesions?

A

unilateral neglect, dressing disability, cube counting, paper cutting, and topographical loss

86
Q

what could overlapping symptoms be due to?

A

the preferred cognitive mode of the patient

87
Q

lesions localized to a single brain area are ……

A

rare, so symptoms do not tend to present clearly

88
Q

what are some examples of neuropsychological assessments used to examine parietal-lobe function?

A

two-point discrimination, Seguin-Goddard Form, Board (tactile patterns), line bisection, Gollin incomplete figures, Mooney closure, right-left differentiation, Token and Kimura Box

89
Q

describe the premise of the somatosensory threshold assessment test

A

-subject is blindfolded and has to report whether they felt one or two touches
-two points are initially set about 3 cm apart, and the distance is reduced until the subject detects only a single touvh

90
Q

describe the premise of the tactile form recognition assessment test

A

-subject is blindfolded and manipulates blocks of basic shapes to place them in a similarly shaped hole on a board
-shapes and board are removed ,and subject is asked to draw the shapes from memory
-shape manipulation likely involves aera PE and PF, and the drawing task likely involves area PG

91
Q

describe the premise of the visual perception task

A

patients have to draw the remainder of incomplete pictures of faces or objects
-sensitive to damage or right temporoparietal junction

92
Q

describe the spatial relations task

A

-pictures of hands, feet, ears, and other body parts are presented in different orientations, and patients have to identify them as left or right
-verbal version asks patient to touch right ear with left hand
-sensitive to left-patietal-lobe damage and left-frontal-lobe damage

93
Q

describe the premise of the language test

A

-Token Test has four shapes in each of five colors
-sensorimotor tasks start simple and get more involved
-impairments associated with damage to area PG in the left hemisphere

94
Q

what is the premise of the Kimura Box test

A

-asks patients to make a sequence of precise movements

95
Q

what happens in the token test

A

-may ask subjects to touch the white square, as a simple example, or touch the blue circle then the red triangle, as a more difficult example

96
Q

functional MRI studies suggest the parietal lobe is involved in more __________ than predicted from lesion studies

A

behaviors

97
Q

which part of the parietal-lobe network is active in the default mode network?

A

inferior parietal lobule

98
Q

which part of the parietal lobe network is involved i attention, language, memory, social processing, and self-perceptiom

A

temporoparietal junction

99
Q

which side of the temporoparietal junction favors attention?

A

right

100
Q

the left side of the temporopariietal junction favors what?

A

memory and language

101
Q

what is involved in the parietal memory network?

A

precuneus, angular gyrus, and midcingulate cortex

102
Q

parietal memory network is involved in what?

A

learning and memory

103
Q

what does the dorsolateral parietal network connect?

A

prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus to perform a variety of spatial functions

104
Q

what is the inferior parietal lobule made up of?

A

-angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus

Psych 377 (11 decks)

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