Exam 3

Question 1

environmental hazards are…

Answer 1

things that affect physical safety and are economically destructive

Question 2

risks are…

Answer 2

evaluations of those hazards and estimated probability of consequences

Question 3

Key elements of risk?

Answer 3

1.) anticipation
2.) decision

Question 4

What is the probability distribution of risk?

Answer 4

Outcome–> unknown
probability distribution–> known

Question 5

Uncertainty is?

Answer 5

degree to which outcomes are unkown

Question 6

What is the probability distribution of uncertainty?

Answer 6

outcome–> unknown
probability distribution –> unknown

Question 7

What are the conditions of knowledge?

Answer 7

1.) Certainty (known, knowns)
2.) Risk (known, unknowns)
3.) Uncertainty (unknown, unknowns)

Question 8

Expected utility theory is?

Answer 8

rational decision is made & is unbiased

Question 9

Prospect theory is?

Answer 9

behavioral as opposed to rational & is biased

Question 10

What theory has higher “expected value”?

Answer 10

utility theory

Question 11

what theory has agents that reveal “loss aversion”?

Answer 11

prospect

Question 12

What is risk perception?

Answer 12

how people evaluate hazards based on biases and cultures and such

Question 13

NAME THE 5 bias influences and what they mean!

Answer 13

1.) Choice- who decides who is exposed?
2.) Control- can the risk be controlled by ourselves or someone we trust?
3.) Observability- can the risks or the effects be seen or measured?
4.) Latency- is there a delay between cause and effects?
5.) Potential for catastrophe- how many people would be affected and to what extent?

Question 14

What are the qualities of underestimating a risk?

Answer 14

• voluntary
• trusted source controlled
• obervable
• immediate effects
• common, non-catastrophic

Question 15

what are the qualities of overestimating a risk?

Answer 15

• involuntary
• non-trusted source controlled
• unobservable
• delayed effects
• rare, catastrophic

Question 16

What did Gilbert White do?

Answer 16

critiqued the use of the “tech fix” - engineering solutions- as the only management to fix flooding and other things. –> one dimensional

Question 17

What did Douglas and Wildavsky do?

Answer 17

said that the way people think about risk is related to cultural theory

Question 18

What is the trial-and-error approach?

Answer 18

VIEW: nature is resilient, disturbances are temporary –> ACTION: experiment until proven harmful

Question 19

What is the precautionary approach?

Answer 19

VIEW: nature is fragile, disturbances may cause permanent damage –> ACTION: exercise caution until proven safe.

Question 20

Under pollution by Summers’ is what now?

Answer 20

some areas are less exposed to pollution impacts

Question 21

According to Marx, is there ever even development?

Answer 21

NO

Question 22

What is the spatial fix?

Answer 22

moving process of production to a new location; often to under developed areas or marginalized communities

Question 23

WHAT ARE THE TWO CONTRADICTIONS OF CAPITALISM?

Answer 23

1. Over accumulation
2. “underpaying nature”

Question 24

What does recessions and depressions fall under in relation to contradictions of capitalism?

Answer 24

the first one

Question 25

over-extracting resources falls under what contradiction?

Answer 25

the two one

Question 26

in order to have surplus value what must be present?

Answer 26

underpaying workers

Question 27

capitalists control both ____ and ____

Answer 27

means of production; conditions of production

Question 28

What is the MEANS of production?

Answer 28

the things required to make commodities

Question 29

What is the CONDITIONS of production?

Answer 29

the raw materials needed to make commodities

Question 30

what are commodities

Answer 30

Nature+labor= commodities; something that can be bought and sold

Question 31

reification means what now

Answer 31

making into a thing. like stupid Locke.