Blood

Question 1

Albumin

Answer 1

plasma protein in peripheral blood,
helps maintain osmotic pressure (relative fluid volume)
and carries some factors through blood (ie: bilirubin)
*most common

Question 2

Globulin

Answer 2

plasma protein in peripheral blood.

• immunoglobulin: (gamma)
• non-immune: (alpha, beta) maintain osmotic pressure, carriers, coagulation factors, etc.

Question 3

fibrinogen

Answer 3

a plasma protein in peripheral blood,

activated for coagulation (into fibrin) to form clot tissue

Question 4

wright’s stain

Answer 4

used to stain peripheral blood specimen.
3 parts: 
methylene blue (basic) - RNA/DNA, basophils
Azure (basic) - lysosomes
Eosin (acidic) - RBCs, eosinophils

Question 5

3 hemopoietic phases in fetus

Answer 5

progression of hemopoietic organ through body:

1. yolk-sac phase
2. hepatic phase (spleen and liver)
3. Bone Marrow phase (*liver continues too)
   - aka: myeloid phase

Question 6

red bone marrow

Answer 6

produces red blood cells, releases via capillaries.

components:
- stroma (~ECM fibers)
- hematopoietic cords
- sinusoidal capillaries

Question 7

how many hemopoietic stem cells does it take to generate full set of blood cells?

Answer 7

just 1!
(1 pluripotential hemopoeitic stem cell)
- demonstrated in rats

Question 8

CFU (colony forming unit)

Answer 8

= multipotent stem cells in spleen, 
generate committed stem cells.
(formed from pluripotent stem cells)
CFU-L -- lymphocytes
CFU-GEMM -- granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, megakaryocytes

Question 9

cytokines

Answer 9

stimulate stem cells,

distinct for each line of blood cells

Question 10

megakaryoblast and thrombopoiesis

Answer 10

stimulated by thrombopoietin to do “endomitosis”
– produces large, polyploid cell w/ multi-lobed nucleus
(==> megakaryocyte)

Question 11

megakaryocyte

Answer 11

large cell w/ multi-lobed nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm,
in bone marrow,
**bud into platelets!

Question 12

thrombopoiesis

Answer 12

process of platelets budding from megakaryocytes,
microtubules form long processes extending from megakaryocyte (proplatelets),
pinch off –> mature platelets

Question 13

blood platelets

Answer 13

small cells, for vascular repair.

• no nucleus, *single microtubule coils around cell (-> hoop shape)
• plasma membrane & glycocalyx
• mitochondria, golgi, glycogen
• granules (alpha, beta, lambda)

Question 14

alpha granules

Answer 14

in blood platelets,
for platelet aggregation, blood coagulation, vessel repair.
w/ fibrinogen, PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)

Question 15

beta granules

Answer 15

in blood platelets,
facilitate secretion, vasodilation, aggregation/adhesion.
ie: Ca2+, ADP, ATP, serotonin, histamine

Question 16

lambda granules

Answer 16

in blood platelets, *esp. lysosomes!
for clot resorbtion.
*in all cells
“azurophilic”

Question 17

thrombus

Answer 17

a “definitive”/hard hemostatic plug (clot),

platelets change shape permanently