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Psych 2C03 > Key terms (post-midterm) > Flashcards

Key terms (post-midterm) Flashcards

1
Q

diffusion of evaluation

A
  • we feel that others cannot judge our individual input, less pressure to perform well
  • difficult to work hard when there are others working
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2
Q

how to reduce social loafing

A
  • allow for individual evaluation
  • decrease group size
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3
Q

predictors of social loafing

A

Don’t work as hard:
- men in single gendered group
- all strangers
- individualistic cultures
Work harder:
- men in a group with 1 or more women
- highly important task to individual
- collectivist cultures

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4
Q

social compensation

A

person works harder because they know others are loafing

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5
Q

prosocial behaviour

A

any behaviour that helps someone else

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6
Q

altruism

A

behaviour that helps someone else without benefiting the actor (pure altruism existence is debated)

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7
Q

inclusive fitness

A

direct fitness: behaviours that increase our fitness
indirect fitness: behaviours that increase the fitness of those with our genes

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8
Q

kin selection

A

preferential helping towards family members because it preserves copies of our genes
more likely to help if:
- more closely related
- more reproductively fit (younger, fertile…)

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9
Q

reciprocal altruism (examples)

A
  • when animals make warning calls, they are putting themselves in danger in the hopes that other animals will make a warning call later
  • sharing meat after a large hunt (since it will spoil before you can eat it all)
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10
Q

bystander effect (definition + concepts which cause it)

A

chances of getting help decrease with the number of witnesses
- result of ambiguity, evaluation apprehension, pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility

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11
Q

5 step bystander intervention model

A
  1. notice event
  2. interpret event as emergency
  3. decide that you should help
  4. decide what to do to help + whether you’re able
  5. followthrough
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12
Q

empathy-altruism model

A

help because of empathy (pure-altruism exists)

unlikely to drive help, but likely increases quality of help

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13
Q

negative-state relief model

A

helping others boosts our mood, we help if there’s no easier way to boost mood

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14
Q

reward model (attraction) 4 factors

A
  • propinquity (physical proximity)
  • familiarity
  • similarity (to ouselves)
  • attractiveness
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15
Q

the pratfall effect

A

when someone we perceive as ‘superior’ (highly attractive, intelligent…) makes a mistake and we like them more because of it

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16
Q

components of persuasion

A
  • source
  • message/medium
  • target
17
Q

components of credibility + cues

A
  • expertise
  • trustworthiness
    Cues:
  • discounting (reduces cred.)
  • acceptance (increases cred.)
18
Q

normal decay

A

messages from trustworthy sources become less persuasive over time

19
Q

sleeper effect

A

messages from low cred. sources become more persuasive over time

20
Q

nonverbal cues

A

anything nonverbal (and non ASL/written) which can communicate a message/opinion

21
Q

elaboration likelihood model by petty & caccioppo

A

2 ways to process message:
- central processing: learn intently, think critically
- peripheral processing: quick decision, no deep thought

22
Q

Define groupthink & group polarization

A

GT: social pressure to conform can prevent critical evaluation of ideas (lead to poorly thought out decisions)
GP: the average opinion of the group gets strengthened (eg: risky or cautious shift) due to cognitive processes

23
Q

ways to reduce groupthink & group polarization

A
  • assign a devils advocate
  • anonymous voting
  • divide into subgroups before large group discussion
24
Q

social facilitation
generalized drive hypothesis
evaluation apprehension hypothesis

A

while being observed:
- perform better at well-learned/easy tasks
- perform worse at difficult/new tasks
GDH by Zajonc
- high arousal: best for easy tasks
- medium arousal: best for most tasks
- low arousal: best for hard tasks
EAH
- fear of judgment increases with more observation

25
Q

dissonance theory

A

Steps:
- psychological inconsistency
(between thoughts, physical response, behaviours)
- drive state (dissonance)
(threatened self concept, heightened arousal)
- drive reduction (dissonance reduction)
(change the easiest thing, attitude OR restore self concept)

26
Q

the ikea effect

A

the more effort we put into something, the more likely we are to have a positive opinion of the result
(building furniture causes us to like it better than bought furniture)

27
Q

why is psychological inconsistency so uncomfortable? (2 theories)

A
  • self esteem threat: dissonance is a threat to our self concept or we must admit that we are wrong to correct it without an attitude change, dissonance reduction avoids this (most supported)
  • heightened arousal: dissonance can trigger fight or flight
28
Q

how to restore self esteem/concept (harm caused by psychological inconsistency)

A
  • excuses (no choice…)
  • justifications (it was my job…)
  • harm done (no important people harmed = behaviour doesn’t matter)
29
Q

dissonance findings in collectivist cultures

A
  • self inconsistency does not cause harm to self esteem in collectivist cultures (limits dissonance triggers)
  • potential harm done to others will trigger dissonance
30
Q

arousal and dissonance

A

physiological arousal caused by threatened self concept signals that we must reduce dissonance

31
Q

six types of social power (french & raven)

A
  • reward power (eg: money, acceptance…)
  • coercive power (eg: physical harm, rejection…)
  • legitimate power: has the right to tell you what to do (eg: teacher, police…)
  • referent power: copy the person/group you like
  • expert power: has the knowledge to tell you what to do (eg: doctor, prof…)
  • informational power: has more important info than you (eg: following a group to class)
    *examples are unique to the individual (eg: not everyone thinks teachers have legitimate power)
32
Q

influences on conformity + types of conformity

A

Normative influences:
- motivation: wanting to be liked, avoiding punishment
- situation: non-ambiguous
Conformity types (2)
- compliance (change immediate behaviour) for reward/to avoid harm, lasts while consequences are present
- identification (change behaviour/attitude) to be similar to liked person/group, lasts while person/group is viewed as influential/positive

Informational influences
- motivation: being correct
- situation: ambiguous
Conformity type:
- internalization (believe the behaviour/attitude is correct in situation)

33
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A
  • normative influence causes people to look calm while they decide what to do/if the situation is an emergency
  • everyone looks calm, they believe it’s not an emergency

Psych 2C03 (4 decks)

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