Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physics > Physical Geography Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Physical Geography Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Average depth of continentalcrust

A

35km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Density of continental crust

A

2.6 kg/m^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Depth of oceanic crust

A

10km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Density of oceanic crust

A

3kg/m^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Depth of lithosphere

A

crust-100km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Characteristics of the lithosphere

A

Rigid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Depth of Asthenosphere

A

100-300km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of asthenosphere

A

Plastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Depth of mesosphere

A

300-2900km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Characteristics of mesosphere

A

Solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Depth of core

A

2900-6400km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inner core characteristics

A

Solid iron and nickel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outer core characteristics

A

liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When did maps of seismic activity emerge

A

1960s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Evidence for continental drift and plate techtonics

A

Plate movement
geological evidence
biological evidence
paleomagnetism
the age of sea-floor rocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define plate movement

A

convection currents due to rising parts of the asthenosphere that reach lithosphere, dragging the techtonic plates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who originally proposed continental drift

A

Alfred Wegener 1912

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of geological evidence for plate techtonics

A

Fit of SA and africa
Glaciacion of India, Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Biological evidence for plate techtonics

A

Glossopteris fossil found in Antarctica, Australia, India
Mesosaurus in SA and Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define paleomagnetism

A

Changes in earths polarity is recorded in minerals on the sea floor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the age of the sea floor rocks present evidence for plate techtonics

A

oldest sediments found near continents, younger deposits found out in oceans.
Large scale trenches suggest that crust subduction into the asthenosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define ridge push

A

Plate pushed by the weight of a mid-ocean ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define slab pull

A

Plate pulled by the weight of its cold, dense subducting region.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define convection currents

A

Plate dragged by a convection current in the mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What boundry occurs during divergent plate movement

A

Constructive boundry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What boundry occurs during convergent plate movement

A

destructive (oceanic to continental)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What boundry occurs during transform plate movement

A

conservative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What boundry occurs during convergent plate movement (continental - continental)

A

collision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What boundry occurs during convergent plate movement (oceanic - oceanic)

A

destructive (oceanic to oceanic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of lava is in an explosive eruption

A

Acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of lava is in an effusive eruption

A

Basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Properties of pyroclastic flow

A

Explosive eruption
Up to 500 degrees
Poisonous
Faster than 100mph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Properties of tephra

A

Explosive eruption
Tiny fragments of rock thrown by an eruption (often creates volcanic ash)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Properties of Poisonous gas

A

Explosive and effusive
Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide
produces acid rain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Properties of a lahar

A

Explosive eruption (must have tephra)
Fast flow of mud and tephra produced by heavy rains after an eruption
local, up to 50kmph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Properties of a tsunami in an eruption (+speed)

A

Explosive eruption
wave speed up to 600kmph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define Jokulhlaup

A

Explosive and effusive eruptions
sudden release of glacial melt water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define volcanic winter

A

Effusive and explosive
Global scale, can cause food shortages.
Sulphur dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are techtonic plates made of

A

Crust and lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a volcano

A

A landform created by eruption of molten rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define volatile

A

Evapourates without energy (water)
Rock can now melt as volatiles have been added (destructive boundry)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define decompression

A

No longer being pushed down by crust
Allows rock to melt and erupt (shield)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Plate boundry of basic lava

A

Constructive/ divergent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Type of melting/eruption for basic lava

A

decompression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which layers melt to form basic lava

A

Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Viscocity and silica content of basic lava

A

Not viscous, less silica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How are gasses vented in basic lava

A

Vented steadily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What types of rocks are produced by basic lava

A

Basalt

49
Q

Temp of basic lava

A

Up to 1200

50
Q

eruption type of basic lava

A

effusive

51
Q

Volcano shape of basic lava

A

sheild, fissure

52
Q

Plate boundry of acidic lava

A

destructive

53
Q

Type of melting for acidic lava

A

Addition of volatiles during subduction

54
Q

Which layers melt to form acidic lava

A

oceanic crust

55
Q

Viscosity and silica content of acidic lava

A

Viscous, high silica

56
Q

How are gasses vented in acidic lava

A

trapped until violent eruption

57
Q

Type of rock produced by acidic lava

A

Andesitic

58
Q

Temp of acidic lava

A

650 - 1000

59
Q

eruption type of acidic lava

A

explosive

60
Q

Volcano produced by acidic lava

A

composite / strato

61
Q

What is VEI and what does it measure

A

Volcanic explosivity index
Magniude (how much material)
Intensity (how fast)

62
Q

What is VEI and what does it measure

A

Volcanic explosivity index
Magniude (how much material)
Intensity (how fast)

63
Q

What is the term for the limit where rock cracks

A

threshold

64
Q

What happens when stress reaches threshold

A

plates jolt

65
Q

Define focus

A

where the rock cracks underground

66
Q

Define seismic waves

A

stress release causing jolts, vibrate through rocks on the surface

67
Q

epicentre

A

point on surface above focus

68
Q

What is the wadati-benioff zone

A

Zone of EQs next to destructive plate boundry
70 - 700km deep

69
Q

What does the richter scale measure

A

magnitude (amount of energy released on a logarithmic scale)

70
Q

What does the modified mercalli scale measure

A

Damage / intensity (qualitative descriptions of damage in 12 catagories)

71
Q

What does the moment magnitude scale measure

A

Magnitude (how much ground shaking occurs)

72
Q

Define P waves

A

Primary
Ground shakes laterally
moderate damage
fast

73
Q

Define S waves

A

Secondary
Ground shakes vertically
slight damage
average speed

74
Q

Define L waves

A

Surface
Ground shakes rolling
Severe damage
slow

75
Q

Effects of liquefaction

A

Structures tilt and sink
Fine grain sands behave like water

76
Q

Define pillow lava

A

Underwater divergent boundry
basaltic lava

77
Q

Landforms created by divergent boundrys

A

In water - mid ocean ridge
On land - rift valley

78
Q

Describe formation of rift valley

A

Rising mantle rock
Pushes crust into dome
Divergence (uplift) causes crust to fault and crack
Rock is weakened - dome subsides
Creates steep valley sides + flat floor

79
Q

How do some volcanoes become calderas

A

Magma chamber empties and unsupported rock above collapses
crater and collapsed roof remain

80
Q

Moment magnitude of Japan earthquake

A

9.0

81
Q

Date of japan earthquake

A

2011

82
Q

Height of tsunami japan 2011

A

40

83
Q

How many people died japan 2011

A

16,000

84
Q

GDP of Japan

A

39,000

85
Q

Mitigation against the event japan 2011

A

sea wall

86
Q

Mitigation against vunerability japan 2011

A

research + monitoring
building design
education

87
Q

Mitigation against losses japan 2011

A

rescue workers (100,000 from armed forces)
slow recovery from fukushima
rehearsed plans

88
Q

Moment magnitude of Haiti eq

A

7.0

89
Q

date of haiti eq

A

2010

90
Q

how far was epicentre from port au prince

A

25km

91
Q

building faliures? haiti 2010

A

pancake collapse

92
Q

how many people died haiti 2010

A

230,000

93
Q

how many ppl made homeless haiti 2010

A

2.3 million

94
Q

Mitigation against the even haiti 2010

A

none

95
Q

Mitigation against vunerability haiti

A

new eq proof buildings
world bank waived dept for 5 years

96
Q

Mitigation against losses haiti

A

3500 US troops
NGO for emergancy shelters, food + water

97
Q

GDP per capita of Haiti

A

1,800

98
Q

GDP of italy

A

36,000

99
Q

economic impacts of mt etna eruption

A

tourism decrease
orange + vineyards destroyed

100
Q

mitigation against the event etna

A

earth barriers
concrete blocks

101
Q

mitigation against vunerability etna

A

volcano monitoring
promt evacuations

102
Q

mitigation against losses etna

A

families can afford insurance
government compensation
well resourced public services

103
Q

GDP of indonesia

A

4,000

104
Q

how far did the pyroclastic flows reach marapi

A

15km

105
Q

economic impacts of marapi

A

livestock killed
farms + crops destroyed

106
Q

How many poeple died merapi

A

367

107
Q

Mitigation against the event merapi

A

river channels cleared to contained lahars

108
Q

mitigation against vunerability merapi

A

evacuation
gradual improvements to monitoring
BNBP est 2008 to monnitor voclanoes

109
Q

mitigation against losses merapi

A

limited resourced from gov
temporary shelters in safe zones
subsistance farmes (no food)

110
Q

How is a mid ocean ridge formed

A

Plates seperated by slab pull and ridge push
Magma rises from decompression
Magma solidifies into pillow lava
Causes creation of mid ocean ridge

111
Q

Why do people not move from techtonically active regions

A

stasis

112
Q

What can the Hawaiian islands and indonesian islands be called

A

Archipelago

113
Q

When was the merapi eruption

A

2010

114
Q

When was the etna eruption

A

2016

115
Q

Buildings in haiti

A

Built out of breezeblocks to protect agianst hurricaines

116
Q

What is the risk equation

A

risk= vulnerability/capicity to cope

117
Q

How often does the earth polarity change

A

every 500,000 years

118
Q

Extra paleomagnetism facts / sea floor spread

A

new rocks either side of mid ocean ridge
creates ridge push
alignment of iron particles in rocks settle as rock solidifies

Physics (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions