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Physiology Final > module 6 adolescence > Flashcards

module 6 adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

pre-adolescence for girls and boy

A

girls 9-11
boys 10-12

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2
Q

physical changes in pre-adolescence

A

Increased muscular strength, motor coordination stamina
Increased body fat
Increase in weight and height, as well as cognitive, social, and physical development
need to meet nutritional demands

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3
Q

energy demands depend on

A

level of activity
gender
age
height
weight

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4
Q

psychological developments in adolescence

A

Self-efficacy
Rational cause/effect reasoning
Sense of self
Development of feeding skills
Increased peer influence

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5
Q

what hormones regulate growth (2)

A

IGF-1
GH

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6
Q

higher intra-abdominal fat = __ GH

A

higher intra-abdominal fat = decreased GH

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7
Q

which growth hormone has a bigger role?

A

IGF-1

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8
Q

when does GH peak?

A

once during fetal growth and once during puberty

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9
Q

3 other hormones that regulate growth

A

insulin, TH, androgens

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10
Q

what hormone is released to start puberty?

A

GnRH

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11
Q

GnRH causes release of __ and __, leading to estrogen and progesterone and testosterone (__ axis)

A

GnRH causes release of LH and FSH, leading to estrogen and progesterone and testosterone (HPA axis)

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12
Q

female markers of puberty

A

menstruation, pubic hair growth

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13
Q

male markers of puberty

A

testes
change in lean body mass

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14
Q

what is BMI rebound?

A

inflection point of BMI between ages 4-6
early rebound = onset for adult obesity
results from increased body fat

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15
Q

dental carries =
dependent on

A

tooth decay
dependent on time the tooth is exposed to simple carbs

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16
Q

what type of foods protect against dental carries

A

proteins and fats
missing teeth and braces make it difficult to eat certain foods

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17
Q

lactose intolerance
temporary vs chronic

A

temporary = injury to small bowel (infection)
chronic = less lactase dehydrogenase

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18
Q

lactose intolerance impacts __ and __ requirements

A

lactose intolerance impacts vitamin D and calcium requirements

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19
Q

is high fat cow milk associated with increased childhood adiposity?

A

no

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20
Q

peak height gain is earlier for

A

girls

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21
Q

adolescence is from __-__ years old

A

adolescence is from 11-21 years old

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22
Q

cognitive maturation at age

A

12-16

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23
Q

puberty occurs earlier in

A

girls

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24
Q

immature brain = __ gray matter

A

immature brain = less gray matter

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25
Q

making mature neurons

A
  1. neurons make connections to different networks, then we prune these connections
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26
Q

__ makes mature neurons

A

myelination makes mature neurons

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27
Q

neural changes by age
5-10
10-15
15-20

A

5-10 years old: lots of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis
10-15: dramatic change in gray matter (way less, bc we started synapse pruning and myelination
15-20: consolidation of circuits, further reduction of gray matter

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28
Q

does pruning depend on the environment

A

yes sometimes

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29
Q

what brain areas undergo most extensive modeling during adolescence

A

amygdala and PFC

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30
Q

physical changes in females

A

Weight Gain follows linear growth spurt by 3-6 months
~18.3 pounds per year
Average lean body mass decreases in relation to body fat:
44% increase in LBM (including protein, intracellular, extracellular, and bone mineral)
120% increase in Body Fat

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31
Q

for menarche, __% body fat is needed

A

for menarche, 17% body fat is needed

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32
Q

need __% body fat to maintain menstrual cycles

A

need 25% body fat to maintain menstrual cycles

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33
Q

when is peak linear female growth?

A

6-12 months prior to menarche

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34
Q

males physical changes

A

Peak Weight gain and linear growth at same time, as well as peak muscle mass growth
~20 pounds per year
Body fat decrease to 12%
Half of bone mass accrued in adolescence
Larger increase in Lean Body Mass

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35
Q

males and females leptin and insulin

A

Leptin (Inhibit hunger) and Insulin both affect puberty and GnRH release

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36
Q

males and females underweight hormones

A

Underweight leads to low levels of insulin and leptin, delaying puberty

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37
Q

overweight = too much leptin + insulin = increased LH, no change in FSH = __ puberty

A

early puberty!

38
Q

what factors influence bone development in adolescents

A

Genetics, Hormonal Changes, Weight bearing exercise, smoking, alcohol, vitamins and nutrients (calcium, Vitamin D, protein, phosphorous, boron, iron) involved in bone development

39
Q

what sex hormone promotes bone formation by osteoblasts?

A

estrogen

40
Q

__ of adult peak bone mass is accrued during adolescence
by 18 years, more than __% of skeletal mass has formed

A

1/2 of adult peak bone mass is accrued during adolescence
by 18 years, more than 90% of skeletal mass has formed

41
Q

bone accretion
no signals coming in =

A

No signals coming in = less bone formation, more bone reabsorption
More osteoclasts than osteoblasts

42
Q

energy requirements are affected by

A

Activity Level
Level of physical activity declines during adolescence, resulting in reduced
Basal Metabolic Rate
Pubertal Growth and Development
Males have higher caloric need, due to greater increase in height, weight, LBM

43
Q

protein requirements

A

Maintain LBM, and growth of new LBM
0.85 g/kg body weight
Low protein intake lead to reduced linear growth, reduced sexual maturation, reduced LBM

44
Q

calcium requirements

A

For bone mass growth
Females calcium absorption greatest at time of menarche
DRI is 1300 mg/day
Milk and dairy products needed

45
Q

iron requirements

A

Growth, blood volume, and muscle mass
Menustration leads to more iron
8 mg for 9-13 years old
11 mg for 14-18 years old
15 mg for females 14-18 years old (Higher for females)

46
Q

what are tanner stages

A

Scales that rate pubertal development based on secondary sex characteristics, as sexual maturation important role in assessing nutrition and development

47
Q

why are tanner stages useful?

A

Nutrition can affect sexual maturation, so it is good sign of nutrition as well
Sexual maturation is different in adolescents of the same age, and thus, Tanner stages are a good indication of what point in puberty they are in compared to those in their age group

48
Q

tanner stages in order

A

Stage 1: Pre-puberty
Stage 2: Puberty
Stage 3: Completion of puberty
Females: Breast Development and Pubic hair
Males: Genital Development and Pubic Hair

49
Q

dietary habit concerns (increase with age)
2-4
5-8
9-13
14-18

A

Starting with 2-4: Not meeting vegetables, nor for dairy
Ages 5-8: Not vegetables, fruits barely making it, dairy missing
Ages 9-13: Missing vegetables, fruits, dairy, and almost protein
Ages 14-18: Missing almost everything, except grains

50
Q

__% of teens consume diets that meet recommendations

A

1% of teens consume diets that meet recommendations

51
Q

sugar-sweetened beverages make up __% total added sugars

A

sugar-sweetened beverages make up 33% total added sugars

52
Q

sources of SSBs

A

juices (better to eat the whole fruit for fiber)
glucose rebound is better with eating whole fruit
orange juice has large undershoot

53
Q

dairy consumption concerns

A

mainly cheese
Dairy/Fortified milk alternatives are essential for potassium, calcium and vitamin D

54
Q

milk alternatives

A

Some Oat & Hazelnut milks can have higher sugars than cow’s milk
Most are lower in protein (soy, pea and flaxseed are exceptions)
Coconut milk has higher sodium (105mg vs. 15mg)

55
Q

nutrient gaps for females and males

A

Females: folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, choline and protein
Males: phosphorus, magnesium, choline and fiber

56
Q

obesity and puberty onset: females

A

Overweight: Too much leptin and insulin, early puberty: increasing LH, no effects on FSH

57
Q

obesity and puberty onset: males

A

Obesity also causes early puberty
Adolescent Obesity associated with Adult Obesity

58
Q

female athelete triad/RED-S

A

Not enough calories = insufficient adiposity = no signal to HPG axis that we can expend energy on menstruation or pregnancy

59
Q

3 distinct and interrelated conditions of RED-s

A

Disordered eating (range of nutritional behaviors)
Amenorrhea (irregular/absent periods)
Osteoporosis (low bone mass)

60
Q

female athlete triad overview

A

Energy deficit disrupts HPG axis, resulting in decreased GnRH → Menstrual Disturbance → Bone Loss

61
Q

which type of brain matter is myelinated?

A

white matter

62
Q

brain changes
5-20
15-20

A

5-20: neurogenesis and synaptogenesis
15-20: synapse pruning and myelination

63
Q

amygdala changes and role

A

Emotional core, leading to more impulsive in teens. Adults use this less, use prefrontal cortex more

64
Q

prefrontal cortex changes and role

A

Planning and reasoning (Teens more immature, more high risk)
LAST SECTION OF BRAIN TO DEVELOP

65
Q

what section of brain is last to develop

A

PFC!

66
Q

parietal lobe

A

Touch, Sight, Language (Teens do not process info well)

67
Q

ventral striatum

A

Reward Center, not fully developed in teens, teens are more excited by rewards

68
Q

limbic region

A

Emotions and Feeling of Reward:
Promoting risk-taking and interaction with peers
Enhanced during puberty, more dopamine activity

69
Q

hippocampus

A

Teens have tremendous learning curve, for adults it is fully functional

70
Q

myelination causes

A

Enhances speed of communication, elaborate networking, and help quicker recovery. Increasing connection between Limbic system and Prefrontal cortex
Mismatch of connection (since limbic matures earlier) affects decision making

71
Q

insula

A

Brain region involved with integrating emotional information from the limbic and cortical regions
Imaging studies on sleep-deprived teens show
Greater activation of insula
Increased sensitivity to arousal and pleasure

72
Q

teens have decreased action of __ and decreased coupling between __ and __

A

teens have decreased action of PFC and decreased coupling between PFC and insula

73
Q

adolescents are more prone to __ and __ disorders

A

mental health and alcohol use disorders

74
Q

impulse control arives at what age

A

25 or later

75
Q

mismatch in timing between maturateion of limbic system and PFC

A

Limbic system (pleasure, sensation-seeking) matures earlier than the PFC (ability to weigh pros and cons, impulse control)

76
Q

4 main concepts of safe passage into adulthood

A
  1. Brain Plasticity
  2. Mismatch in timing between limbic system and prefrontal cortex-> teens involved in more risky behavior
    Physical maturation does not equal cognitive/emotional maturation
  3. Mismatch results in increased dopamine activity, earlier puberty, lack of sleep, other factors.
  4. Brain Development and Maturation involves both nature and nurture
77
Q

healthy eating as they age into adulthood

A

Exposure
Trying different methods of food prep
Model dietary behaviors
Allowing Adolescents to create food
Guide selection of food purchased outside home

78
Q

earlier screening for CVD

A

starting in age 8:
Fatty Streaks could develop into lesions, affecting flow of arteries
Measuring things like cholesterol, HDL, LDL, etc.

79
Q

strategies to prevent obesity

A

> 25 BMI: Only Diet
25 BMI + Comorbidity or > 30: Diet + Pharmacotherapy
35 + Comorbidity + >40: All + Bariatric surgery

80
Q

lower preventable deaths

A

promote intimacy
healthy sleep

81
Q

eco-biological developmental model

A

Early social and environmental experiences (the ecology) and the genetic predispositions (the biology) influence the development of adaptive behaviors, learning capacities, lifelong physical and mental health, and future economic productivity

82
Q

positive stress

A

Negative feedback system, allows return to baseline after stressor eliminated

83
Q

tolerable stress

A

Exposure to non-normative stress that present greater degree or threat, more prolonged.
Impact can be buffered by supportive adults and environment that reduces extended exposure and excessive activation
Prolonged activation
Serious illness
Fire to the home
Divorce
Natural disaster

84
Q

toxic stress

A

Strong, frequent, and prolonged experience, absence of buffering
If the body fails to shut off the release of cortisol due to chronic stress, longer-term effects can occur to developing brain and body organs
Developing brain is really sensitive to stress hormones

85
Q

short-term impacts of stress

A

Release of adrenalin
Heart rate increases
Blood pressure increases

86
Q

how does chronic stress lead to hypertrophy

A

Affects Amygdala, which causes hypothalamus to release CRH-> ACTH-> Adrenal Glands-> Cortisol:

87
Q

Chronic stress Affects Connection between PFC and Amygdala,

A

reduces ability to shut off cortisol response

88
Q

adverse childhood events behaivors and clinical outcomes

A

Behaviors:
Over-eating, depression, smoking, alcohol, drugs, multiple sex partners
Clincal outcomes:
Obiesty, Diabetes, heart disease, COPD, suicidal attempts, liver disease, unintended pregnancies, STDs

89
Q

allostatic load

A

Cumulative wear and tear on physiologic processed due to recurrent or chronic stress
AL model posits that there is a dysregulation of physiologic systems designed to balance the organism’s responses to environmental demands

90
Q

allostatic load is a biomarker of

A

cardiometabolic risk which predicts the onset of chronic diseases of aging including: cardiac disease, diabetes, hypertension, and stroke

91
Q

what increases allostatic load

A

SES and stressors
neighborhood risk

Physiology Final (7 decks)

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