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Cognitive approach > Laney et al memory > Flashcards

Laney et al memory Flashcards

1
Q

Background

A

Human memory has been previously distorted with negative and neutral false memories. This research focuses on implanting positive false memories

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2
Q

Overall aim 1 (can be)

A

To investigate whether positive false memories can be implanted into people then change their childhood memories of liking asparagus

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3
Q

Overall aim 2 (effect)

A

To investigate the consequences of implanting positive false memories in terms of the effect it has on liking asparagus and choosing asparagus

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4
Q

What the ppts thought the aim was

A

Food preferences and how it affects personality

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5
Q

Expectation

A

People would have an increased confidence in liking asparagus

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6
Q

IV

A

manipulation of liking asparagus

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7
Q

Operationalise the IV

A

by the computer generated profile that was given to participants a week after.

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8
Q

DV

A

scores on various questionnaires

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9
Q

Method

A

Lab experiment, questionnaires

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10
Q

Psych investigated

A

People’s memories can be incorrect so if researchers can reconstruct memories by filling in gaps with false info, will ppts believe it?

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11
Q

How was the false memory implanted?

A

by giving false feedback suggesting that they had loved to eat asparagus as children

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12
Q

What are false memories

5

A
  • People’s memories of events in their own life can be incorrect
  • These false details can be added to a person’s memory storage system
  • From all the stored information, people can reconstruct memories
  • They fill in the gaps
  • Then new memories are formed that contains incorrect information
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13
Q

Explain the FHI (3)

A
  • 24 items
  • 8-point scale
  • included ‘loved asparagus the first time you tried it’
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14
Q

Explain the RQ (4)

A
  • looks like a menu
  • 32 items
  • 8-point scale
  • scale is from definitely no to definitely yes
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15
Q

Explain the FPQ (3)

A
  • 62 items
  • 8-point scale
  • scale is from 1- definitely don’t like to eat to 8- definitely like to eat
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16
Q

Explain the FCQ (3)

A
  • 21 food items
  • how much they’d be willing to pay for a food items at a grocery store
  • asparagus included
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17
Q

Explain the MBQ

A
  • has three answer options:
    ‘have specific memory’
    ‘belief that it happened’
    ‘positive that it didnt happen’
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18
Q

What were the three filler questionnaires

A

personality, social desirability and eating habit questionnaire

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19
Q

Difference between control and love group

A

Control did not receive the asparagus feedback

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20
Q

Memories def

A

specific structured units that may be quite detailed

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21
Q

Beliefs def

A

less specific and less tied to time and place

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22
Q

How does this experiment differ from rich false memory studies?

2

A
  1. Uses positive false memories and not neutral or negative false memories
  2. Explores consequences of implantation whereas other studies stop after false memory implantation
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23
Q

Exp 1 sample size

A

128

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24
Q

Exp 1 sample locale

A

undergrads from University of California

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25
Q

Exp 1 sample mean age

A

20.8 years

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26
Q

Exp 1 sample gender distribution

A

mostly female (77%)

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27
Q

Exp 1 Allocation to groups (number and how )

A

random allocation to the groups. 63 in love and 65 in control

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28
Q

Exp 1 Order of questionnaires given

A

FHI
RQ
filler questionnaires

Elaboration
FHI
RQ
FPQ
FCQ
MQ

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29
Q

After how long did ppts return

A

one week

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30
Q

false feedback was disguised as

A

computer generated profile of food-preferences

31
Q

why were the FHI and RQ repeated?

A

to compare pre- and post- manipulation

32
Q

why were FPQ and PCQ repeated?

A

To asses the consequences of the positive false memory implantation

33
Q

How many participants were excluded from the study cause they already liked asparagus

A

Exp 1 31
Exp 2 30

34
Q

Exp 1 FHI result

A

love group - mean increase of 2.6 points

control group- mean increase of 0.2 points

35
Q

Exp 1 MBQ result love group

A

22% memory
35% belief
44% no memory

36
Q

Exp 1 MBQ result control group

A

12% memory
28% belief
61% no memory

37
Q

Believers met which two criteria

A
  1. Low rating in session one of FHI and high rating in session two of FHI
  2. High score in MBQ
38
Q

Exp 1 Believers result in MBQ

A

increase of 4.5

39
Q

Exp 1 Non-believers result in MBQ

A

increase of 0.9

40
Q

Exp 1 number of believers

A

2 males and 20 females

41
Q

Exp 2 Aim 1 (rep..)

A

To replicate and extend the findings of Exp.1

42
Q

Exp 2 Aim 2 (cons..)

A

To test the consequences of implanting false memories

43
Q

Exp 2 Aim 3 (visu..)

A

To examine possible underlying mechanisms of false memories by looking at whether the sight of asparagus is more appealing to people after the false manipulation about asparagus.

44
Q

Exp 2 Sample size

A

103

45
Q

Exp 2 Sample locale

A

Undergrad students from University of Washington

46
Q

Exp 2 Sample mean age

A

19.9

47
Q

Exp 2 Sample gender distribution

A

62% were female

48
Q

Exp 2 Sample incentive?

A

Given course credits for participating

49
Q

Exp 2 Order of questionnaires

A

FHI, FPQ, RQ
Two filler questionnaires

Elaboration exercise
Slides
RQ, FPQ, FHI
MBQ

50
Q

Why was a photograph rating used in Exp 2?

A

it provides a first step towards assessing the underlying mechanisms associated with false memory consequences

51
Q

What were participants told upon arrival at the lab

A

subjects were told that their data would be entered into a computer that would generate a profile based on their answers

52
Q

Why did they choose asparagus in the study?

A

Because it’s a food that children don’t usually like

53
Q

Exp 2 FHI results

A

Love increase of 2.5
Conctrol increase of 1.1

54
Q

Exp 2 MBQ results love group

A

28% memory
28% belief
45% no memory

55
Q

Exp 2 MBQ results control

A

6% memory
38% belief
56% none

56
Q

Exp 2 Number of believers

A

21

57
Q

Exp 2 Photo ratings result

no stats

A

Believers rated the asparagus photo as more appealing and less disgusting than the controls

58
Q

Exp 2 FPQ result

no stats

A

Believers demonstrated more preference towards asparagus than controls

59
Q

Exp 2 RQ result

no stats

A

Neither believers’ nor controls’ ratings changed significantly from pre to postmanipulation

60
Q

Example of a negative memory

A

I don’t like asparagus

61
Q

Ethics broken

A

deception , right to withdraw

62
Q

usefulness (4)

A
  • clinical treatment of phobias
  • can help develop healthier eating habits
  • increase food aversions
  • can show how expert witness may be false
63
Q

How were demand characteristics reduced? (5)

A
  • use of deception
  • use of foil questionnaires
  • social desirability scale to test if people filled and had bias
  • exclusion of non-believers
  • asparagus related items were never presented in isolation
64
Q

How long did each day’s procedures take

A

half an hour

65
Q

Exp 2 How long was each slide displayed for

A

30 seconds

66
Q

Photo rating conclusion

A

The results show that the mere sight of the critical item, asparagus, in a photograph is sufficient to induce some people to rate asparagus more positively

67
Q

Implantation conclusion

A

It is possible to implant false beliefs and flase memories for a positive childhood experience such as liking or loving asparagus the first time that one tried it

`

68
Q

Consequence conclusion

A

The implanted false memories have behavioural consequences suhc as self-reported preference for asparagus, willingness to spend more for asparagus and increased willingness to eat asparagus in a restaurant

69
Q

Methodological problem if children were used (2)

A
  1. Questionnaires may have had difficult to understand terminology e.g sauteed asparagus
  2. Aim was about childhood memory before the age of 10. This would not be possible if children were used
70
Q

Real word application

A
  • if a child is a fussy eater, the parent/ feeder can say that they ‘have always liked fruit’ and child will change their views of food
71
Q

Why was RQ not able to measure likelihood of eating certain foods accurately (2)

A
  • 0 to 8 ratings are subjective
  • what people may answer may not mirror what they actually think
72
Q

Weakness about questionnaires

A

Some questionnaires had fixed choice options thus this many not represent what the ppts really think. E.g the FPQ had 7 choices but in reality not one of them could represent what a ppt would pay for the item

73
Q

Generalisable?

A

No, all similar age, all undergrad students

Cognitive approach (4 decks)

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