Gut

Question 1

oesophagus epithelium and main cell type

Answer 1

non-keratinised stratified squamous. squamous cells

Question 2

stomach epithelium and main cell type

Answer 2

simple columnar. mucous cells, parietal cells and chief cells

Question 3

small intestine epithelium and main cell type

Answer 3

simple columnar. enterocytes, goblet cells and paneth cells

Question 4

large intestine epithelium and main cell type

Answer 4

simple columnar. goblet cells and absorptive cells

Question 5

rectum epithelium

Answer 5

simple columnar

Question 6

junction epithelium

Answer 6

stratified cuboidal

Question 7

anal canal epithelium

Answer 7

stratified squamous

Question 8

skin around anus

Answer 8

keratinised stratified squamous

Question 9

4 layers of the gut from deep to superior

Answer 9

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventita/serosa

Question 10

mucosa

Answer 10

Mucosa- sublayers include:
epithelium (mucous production and protection),
lamina propria (capillary rich absorption and mucosa; associated lymphoid tissue aka MALT) and
muscularis mucosa (localised movements, separates mucosa from submucosa)

Question 11

submucosa

Answer 11

Submucosa- highly vascularized: enhances nutrient absorption, assists the passage of bolus (mucous glands present), contains the submucosal (Meissner) nerve plexus: controls muscle cells and glandular secretions

Question 12

muscularis externa

Answer 12

outer longitudinal and inner circle layer (oblique layer in stomach), function is peristaltic activity, contractions of the muscularis are generated and coordinated by the myenteric plexus.

Question 13

adventita/serosa

Answer 13

made up of loose connective tissue (provides support and integrity, if the region of the alimentary canal is intraperitoneal, it is invested by peritoneum, and the simple squamous epithelial covering is known as the serosa . If the organ is retroperitoneal, it adheres to the connective tissue of the body wall by its dense irregular connective tissue component and is known as the adventitia. The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

Question 14

surface lining cell

Answer 14

manufacture hormones

Question 15

regenerative cell

Answer 15

proliferate to replace the other cells lining the glands

Question 16

mucous neck cell

Answer 16

secrete mucous

Question 17

oxyntic cell

Answer 17

release HCl (digestion of protein) and intrinsic factor (absorbs vitamin B12 which is important in maturation of red cells)

Question 18

zymogenic cell

Answer 18

secretes gastric lipase (fat breakdown) and pepsinogin (converted into pepsin by HCl)

Question 19

enteroendocrine cell

Answer 19

secrets hormones eg, gastrin which helps release of HCl

Question 20

identification feature of small intestine

Answer 20

paneth cells (which possess large, eosinophilic granules whose con­tents, e.g., lysozyme, digest bacterial cell walls)

Question 21

identification feature of duodenum

Answer 21

Brunner’s glands (branched, tubuloalveolar glands whose secretory portions resemble mucous acini and whose ducts penetrate the muscularis mucosae, pierce the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn (or occasionally into the intervillar spaces) to deliver their secretory product into the lumen of the duodenum. Brunner glands secrete a mucous, alkaline fluid in response to parasympathetic stimulation)

Question 22

identification feature of ileum

Answer 22

Peyer’s patches (lymphoid aggregated nodules)

Question 23

identification feature of oesophagus

Answer 23

submucosal glands

Question 24

identification feature of colon and rectum

Answer 24

taeniae coli

Question 25

identification feature of appendix

Answer 25

prominent lymphoid tissue

Question 26

identification of anus

Answer 26

columns of morgani