Chapter 9

Question 1

Heritability

Answer 1

Represents the degree to which individual differences in a population are due to genetic differences

Question 2

What does Francis Galton’s Anthropometric approach say about intelligence?

Answer 2

Those with superior sensory abilities would be better able to learn about the world –> more intelligent

Question 3

Anthropometrics

Answer 3

Methods for measuring physical and mental variations in humans

Question 4

What did Galton’s sensory test scores not predict?

Answer 4

Academic success

Question 5

Intelligence

Answer 5

Ability to overcome, think, understand, reason, and adapt to overcome obstacles

Question 6

What is Stanford-Binet test?

Answer 6

Measures complex thinking processes, and mental age.

Test scores were believed to represent a fixed mental capacity.

Question 7

What was the original purpose of the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer 7

Meant to measure the intelligence of a person and give them the help they need to make them catch up with their peers.

Question 8

IQ calculation formula

Answer 8

(Mental age/chronological age) * 100

Question 9

Entity theory

Answer 9

Belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult or impossible to change.

Question 10

Incremental theory

Answer 10

Belief that intelligence can be shaped by experience, inactive and effort.

Question 11

Charles spearman’s ‘General intelligence’

Answer 11

He noticed correlations between schoolchildren’s grades in different subjects. This led to his hypothesis of a “general intelligence factor (g)”

Question 12

What is ‘g’ correlated with?

Answer 12

Academic success
Longevity
Relationship success
Income
Psychological well-being
Improved decision-making and self-control.

Question 13

Spearman’s 2 factor theory of intelligence

Answer 13

g: general intelligence
s: skill-based, specific intelligence

Question 14

Louis Thurstone’s 7 primary mental abilities

Answer 14

Fluency
Verbal comprehension
Numeric abilities
Memory
Spatial visualization
Perceptual speed
Reasoning

Question 15

Factor analysis

Answer 15

Techniques used to group items that people respond to similarly

Question 16

Hierarchical model of intelligence

Answer 16

General intelligence –> primary mental abilities –> task specific (low level abilties)

Question 17

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 17

Used in learning new information and solving new problems.

Not based on previous knowledge. Declines with age.

Question 18

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 18

Uses past learning and experience.
Remains stable with age.

Question 19

Are Gf and Gc separate types of intelligence?

Answer 19

Thought to to be separate. –> Evidence: Different brain areas are used for different types of intelligence.

However, greater Gf may contribute to greater Gc over time.

Question 20

Gardner’s 7 forms of intelligence

Answer 20

Verbal/linguistic
Logical/mathematical
Visuospatial
Bodily/kinesthetic
Musical/rhythmical
Self/intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Naturalist
Existential

Question 21

Savants

Answer 21

Individuals with low mental capacity in most domains but extraordinary abilities in other areas

Question 22

In twin and adoption studies, do genes have an relation to intelligence?

Answer 22

Yes, as genetic relatedness increase, so does similarity in IQ scores.

Evidence suggests the same in identical twins raised apart.

Question 23

Behavioral Genomics

Answer 23

Examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviors.

Question 24

Gene Knockout (KO) studies

Answer 24

Removal of specific genes in an animal and observation of associated behavior.

Question 25

Transgenic animal studies

Answer 25

Insertion of genetic material into animal.

Question 26

Is the surface area of the brain (gyri and sulci) strongly related to intelligence?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

What happens to animals raised in physically and socially stimulating environments?

Answer 27

They demonstrate faster learning, enhanced brain development.

Question 28

Why is it possible that older children in families have a higher IQ?

Answer 28

More 1 on 1 attention from parents.

Opportunity to teach younger siblings → deeper processing of
information.

Question 29

Children from higher SES families are…?

Answer 29

Are exposed to larger and richer vocabulary.

Receive more support in favour of intellectual pursuits and development.

Receive more interaction with parents.

Have more access to literature and computers.

Have more opportunity for learning experiences outside the home.

Receive less punishment from parents.

Question 30

How is nutrition related to intelligence?

Answer 30

Higher saturated fat diets –> Lower cognitive functioning.

Question 31

Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and children

Answer 31

Type of diet early in life can
influence later IQ scores

Question 32

Flynn Effect

Answer 32

Steady population-level increase in intelligence test scores over
time.