Intro

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea
- lack membrane bound nucleus
- Single circular chromosome

Question 2

Archaea

Answer 2

They are prokaryotes cells, but their own group b/c theyre able to live in adverse enviornmental conditions (high salt concentrations, high temperatures and acidic enviornments)
- i.e they have modifications to handle the enviornmental extremes

Question 3

Eukaryotes

Answer 3

contain a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- Protozoa and fungi are microbes within this group

Question 4

Viruses

Answer 4

Acellular requiring a living host cell to produce

Question 5

Binomial system of nomenclature

Answer 5

Genus name followed by a species name
Genus and species of the bacterium must be italicized or underlined
- name of the bacterium may also be written with the first letter of the genus capitalized and the name of the species (not capitalized)

Question 6

Genus is

Answer 6

First part of the name (first letter is always capitalized), followed by a species name (not capitalized)
- many species often exist within a genus (like your last name and there’s genetic similarity)

Can also be written with the first letter capitalized followed by a ‘.’

Question 7

Why is microbiology important

Answer 7

Microorganisms are very important to many areas of human, animal and plant life
- gave way to the introduction and development of higher life forms
(atmospheric oxygen was likely produced by primitive photosynthetic microbes)
- important to degrade organic material and for atmospheric nitrogen fixation in plants
- microorganisms produce antibiotics that are used in clinical practice
- normal bacteria within the human body prevent growth of harmful bacteria
- Used for fermentation in the food industry (beer, wine and yogurt)

Question 8

Name Historical timeline of Microbiology (i.e all of the important figures)

Answer 8

1665 - Robert Hooke (first to see and describe cells, invention of microscope and The cell theory)

1684 - Anthoni Van leeuwenhoek (Animalcules)

1864 - Louis Pasteur (Spontaneous Generation, Biogenesis, Aseptic technique and swan neck flask, Fermentation and Pasteurization)

1881 - Robert Koch (Germ theory of Disease, Koch’s postulates)

1798 - Edward Jenner (small pox vaccine)

1908 - Paul Ehrlich (selective toxicity, Salvarsan)

1929 - Alexander Fleming (Penicillin)

Question 9

Robert hooke

Answer 9

1665
The first to see and describe cells following the invention of the microscope which led to the start of the cell theory
(all living things are composed of cells)

Question 10

Who developed The cell theory and define it

Answer 10

Started by Robert hooke in 1665
The cell theory is when all living things are composed of cells

Question 11

Anthoni Van leeuwenhoek

Answer 11

Used the microscope to view live microbes which he called animalcules

Question 12

Who called live microbes, ‘Animalcules’

Answer 12

Anthoni van leeuwenhoek used the microscope to view live microbes which he called animalcules

Question 13

Describe Spontaneous Generation

Answer 13

• Food left for long periods of time will eventually spoil
• Microscopic examination reveals that the spoiled food is crawling with bacteria
• This theory notes that these bacteria arise spontaneously from non-living matter
• Louis pasteur rejected this theory

Question 14

What theory did louis pasteur reject? And What is the theory thats currently being accepted?

Answer 14

Sponotaneous generation is rejected
Biogenesis is currently accepted because Louis Pasteur demonstrated using the aseptic technique and a swan neck flask, and he hypothesized that food spoilage came from the air and not from spontaneous generation.
- Therefore spontaneous generation was rejected and could not occur !

Question 15

What technique did Louis Pasteur demonstrate? and explain this technique and the results of it?

Answer 15

1864
demonstrated aseptic technique using a swan neck flask
- Hypothesized that microorganisms responsible for food spoilage likely came form the air and not from spontanrous generation
- The results of this experiment demonstrated that spontaneous generation could not occur = rejected spontaneous generation

Question 16

What theory is currently being accepted and why?

Answer 16

Biogenesis is the hypothesis that living matter arises from pre-existing living matter
- because Louis Pasteur used the swan neck flask and an aseptic technique to prove Sponateous Generation to be false, as his hypothesis was that food spoilage came from air and not from spontaneous gen.
- so the Biogenesis is a theory being accepted today

Question 17

Biogenesis

Answer 17

The hypothesis that living matter arises only from pre-existing living matter
- it is this theory that is currently accepted

Question 18

Who demonstrated the Aseptic technique using a swan neck flask?

Answer 18

Louis Pasteur

Question 19

What are other contributions Pasteur made to the understanding of microbiology

Answer 19

Other contributions such as Fermentation and Pasteurization

It was first thought that air converted sugar into alcohol
- Pasteur showed that it is yeast that which convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air using a process called Fermentation
- He determined that you could prevent the souring of milk and beer/wine which occurs when the bacteria present convert sugar into vinegar, you could heat the milk/beer/wine which would kill all of the bacteria present and prevent spoilage
- This procedure is still used today - Pasteurization

Question 20

Pasteurization

Answer 20

Louis Pasteur determined that you could prevent the souring of milk and beer/wine which occurs when the bacteria present convert sugar into vinegar, you could heat the milk/beer/wine which would kill all of the bacteria present and prevent spoilage
- This procedure is still used today

Question 21

Fermentation

Answer 21

Pasteur showed that it is yeast that which convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air = Fermentation

Question 22

Who developed the germ theory of diesease?

Answer 22

Robert koch developed The germ theory of disease
- on the basis that microbes alter chemical and physical nature of organic material

The germ theory of disease is the belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease

Question 23

Explain the Germ theory of Disease? Who developed this theory?

Answer 23

Belief that microorganisms are responsible for disease
- Robert Koch developed this theory on the basis that microbes alter physical and chemimcal nature of organic material

Question 24

What led to the development of Koch’s Postulates and what is it used for?

Answer 24

Germ Theory of Disease (Robert Koch) led to the development of Koch’s postulates
- used today in order to prove that a specific microbe is responsible for a specific disease

Question 25

What did Edward Jenner develop

Answer 25

Developed the small pox machine
- based on the observation that people previously infected with cow pox were immune to small pox
- he injected a young boy with cow pox and the boy became midly ill, it was later discoveed that this box was immune to small pox

Question 26

What did Paul Ehrlich develop?

Answer 26

Paul Elrich developed the idea of selective toxicity
- Selective toxicity: the ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed
- He discovered the first effective anti-microbial Salvarsan which was useful to cure syphilis without damaging host cells

Question 27

Who discovered selective toxicity

Answer 27

Paul Ehrlich

Question 28

Selective toxicity

Answer 28

Paul Elrich developed the idea of selective toxicity
- The ability to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic organisms while leaving the host unharmed

Question 29

Anti-microbial Salvarsan was discovered by who? What did it cure?

Answer 29

Paul Ehrlich discovered the first anti-microbial Salvarsan
- used to cure syphilis without damaging host cells
example of selective toxicity

Question 30

What did Alexander Fleming Discover

Answer 30

Discovered that a product of the mold, Penicillium chrysogenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated with the mold
- the product was Penicillin
- this discovery was made by accident but consequently revolutionized modern medicine

Question 31

Penicillin was discovered by

Answer 31

Alexander fleming discovered Penicillin
- he discovered that a product of the mold, Penicillium chrysogenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated with the mold = product Penicillin
- This discovery was made by accident but consequently revolutionized modern medicine

Question 32

*Penicillin chryosenum

Answer 32

Alexander Fleming discovered that a product of the mold Penicillin chryosenum was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria on plates contaminated w/ the mold = product is Penicillin

Discovery made by accident but consequently revolutionized modern medicine

Question 33

Who led the start of the cell theory?

Answer 33

Robert hook is the first to see and describe cells following the invention of the microscope, which led to the start of the cell theory

Question 34

What was useful to cure syphillis without damaging the host cells?

Answer 34

Antimicrobial Salvarsan - developed by Paul Ehrlich (developed idea of Selective Toxicity)

Question 35

Koch Postulates steps

Answer 35

1. Microorganism Isolated
2. Grow in pure culture
3. Innoculate in the healthy microorganism
4. Re-isolated bacteria from inoculated disease individual must match the microorganism

Question 36

Who developed the small pox vaccine

Answer 36

Edward Jenner