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AP Human Geography > Chapter 11: Industry and Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Industry and Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Acid deposition

A

Tha accumulation of acids on Earth’s surface.

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2
Q

Acid precipitation

A

Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog.

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3
Q

Air pollution

A

Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates at a greater level than occurs in average air.

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4
Q

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

A

The amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.

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5
Q

Commodity Theory

A

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6
Q

Export Processing Zone

A

A customs area where one is allowed to import plant machinery, equipment, and material for the manufacture of export goods under security, without payment of duty.

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7
Q

Nonpoint-source pollution

A

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

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8
Q

Ozone

A

A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation and is found in the stratosphere, a zone 15 to 50 kilometers above Earth’s surface.

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9
Q

Photochemical smog

A

An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions.

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10
Q

Point-source pollution

A

Pollution that enters body of water from a specific source.

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11
Q

Sanitary landfill

A

A place to deposit sold waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin.

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12
Q

Chlorofluorocarbon

A

A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers.

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13
Q

Footloose industry

A

An industry that is not tied to any particular location or country, and it can move location based on what benefits them.

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14
Q

Fossil fuels

A

An energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

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15
Q

Consumptive water usage

A

The use of water that evaporates rather than being returned to nature as a liquid.

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16
Q

Demand

A

The quantity of something that people wish to consume and are able to buy.

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17
Q

Fission

A

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.

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18
Q

Vertical integration

A

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process.

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19
Q

Fusion

A

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

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20
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten rocks.

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21
Q

Non-consumptive water usage

A

The use of water that is returned to nature as a liquid.

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22
Q

Nonrenewable energy

A

A source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

23
Q

Passive solar energy systems

A

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.

24
Q

Pollution

A

Concentration of waste added to air, water, or land at a greater level than occurs in average air, water, or land.

25
Q

Potential reserve

A

The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist.

26
Q

Proven reserve

A

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.

27
Q

Recycling

A

The separation, collection, processing, marketing, and reuse of unwanted material.

28
Q

Remanufacturing

A

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combination of reused, repaired, and new parts.

29
Q

Renewable energy

A

A source of energy that theoretically has an unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people.

30
Q

Site factors

A

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, or capital.

31
Q

Situation factors

A

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

32
Q

Maquiladora

A

A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico.

33
Q

Break-of-bulk point

A

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

34
Q

Bulk-gaining industry

A

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

35
Q

Bulk-reducing industry

A

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

36
Q

New international division of labor

A

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

37
Q

Just-in-time delivery

A

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed.

38
Q

Industrialization

A

The process of development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

39
Q

Growth Poles (Growth Poles Theory)

A

A theory developed by French economist François Perroux that outlines that economic development is not uniform over an entire region but takes place around a specific pole (or cluster).

40
Q

Labor Market Participation

A

The number of people in the labor force as a percentage, calculated as the labor force divided by the working-age population.

41
Q

Special Economic Zones

A

Specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment.

42
Q

Labor intensive industry

A

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

43
Q

Outsourcing

A

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

44
Q

Cottage industry

A

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, most common prior to the Industrial Revolution.

45
Q

Fordist production

A

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

46
Q

Post-Fordist production

A

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules such as the allocation of workers to terms that perform a variety of tasks.

47
Q

Supply

A

The quantity of something that producers have for sale.

48
Q

Biomass fuel

A

Fuel derived from wood, plant material, or animal waste.

49
Q

Right-to-work laws

A

A US law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment.

50
Q

Geothermal energy

A

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

51
Q

Active solar energy

A

Solar radiation captured with photovoltaic cells that convert light energy to electrical energy.

52
Q

Economies of scale

A

Factors that cause average cost of producing something to fall as the volume of its output increases.

53
Q

Animate power

A

Power supplied by animals or by people.

54
Q

Tariff

A

A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

AP Human Geography (13 decks)

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