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Med-Surg > Electrolyte imbalances > Flashcards

Electrolyte imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes flattened T waves?

A

hypokalemia

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2
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes prolonged QT intervals?

A

hypocalcemia

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3
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes shortened QT intervals?

A

hypercalcemia

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4
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes widened QRS complexes?

A

hyperkalemia, hypernatremia, hypermagnesemia

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

HIPOKS (low and slow)
- Hyporeflexia
- Irregular, weak pulse
- Paresthesia, paralytic ileus
- Orthostatic BP
- Konfusion
- Shallow respirations

  • ST depression
  • inverted T
  • U wave
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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

MURDER-I
Muscle cramp
Urinary output decreased
Respiratory distress
Decreased BP
Epilepsy
Reflexes lost, paresthesia
Irregular pulse

Wide QRS
tall T waves

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7
Q

What electrolyte imbalances are patients with DKA at risk for?

A

hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia

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8
Q

What EKG changes occur with hypernatremia?

A

wide QRS, tall T- waves, v-fib

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9
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes prominent U waves?

A

hyponatremia or hypokalemia

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10
Q

What electrolyte imbalances are patients with SIADH at risk for?

A

hyponatremia, hypokalemia

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11
Q

What electrolyte imbalances are patients with Addison’s disease at risk for?

A

hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia

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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

CASTS *muscles
Convulsions
Arrhythmias
Spasms (Chvostek/Trousseau)
Tetany, paresthesia

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13
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes prolonged QT intervals?

A

hypocalcemia

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14
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes tall T- waves?

A

hyperkalemia, hypernatremia

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15
Q

Which electrolyte imbalance causes inverted T-waves?

A

hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia

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16
Q

What ECG changes does hypokalemia cause?

A

ST depression, inverted/flattened T waves, U waves

17
Q

What ECG changes does hypomagnesemia cause?

A

ST depression, inverted T waves, wide QRS
PVCs

18
Q

What ECG changes does hypermagnesemia cause?

A

prolonged QT interval, wide QRS, tall T-waves

19
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A

“high except GI”
Cardiac: HTN, tachycardia, PVCs
Respiratory: slow respiratory rate
GI: hypoactive bowel, constipation, paralytic ileus
NM: strong DTRs, tetany, Chvostek/Trousseau
CNS: irritability, confusion

20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

A

“low”
Cardiac: hypotension, bradycardia
Respiratory: slow
GI: diarrhea
NM: absent DTRs, weakness, paralysis
CNS: depression, facial flushing

21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

“mah-back MABEK”
Muscle weakness & lost DTRs
Arrhythmia (bradycardia)
Bowel pain, constipation, N/V
Excessive urination
Kidney stones

22
Q

What is the treatment for hypercalcemia?

A

calcitonin + corticosteroids or bisphosphonates

23
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcemia?

A

IV calcium gluconate + D5
antiepileptics
parathormone if d/t thyroid disease

24
Q

Patients with alkalosis are at risk for which electrolyte imbalances?

A

hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia hypermagnesemia (if d/t antacid/laxative intake)

25
Q

Patients with acidosis are at risk for which electrolyte imbalances?

A

hyperkalemia, hyponatremia

26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

“SALT LOSS”
Stupor/confusion
Abd pain, constipation, N/V
Lethargy, confusion
Tendon reflexes lost
Loss of urination/appetite
Orthostatic hypotension
Shallow respirations
Spasms/seizures

27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

“FRIED”
Flushed, dry skin/ fever
Restlessness, irritability, confusion
Increased fluid retention, blood pressure high
Edema
Decreased UO, dry mucosa

28
Q

What are the treatments for hyperkalemia

A

Kayexelate
sodium bicarbonate
sodium polystyrene, sorbitol laxatives
calcium gluconate

29
Q

What electrolyte imbalance can digoxin cause?

A

hypokalemia

30
Q

Which electrolyte imbalances are patients with Cushing’s disease at risk for?

A

hypokalemia, hypernatremia,

Med-Surg (14 decks)

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