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CABS 1 Test > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the portals of entry for pathogens?

A

Cutaneous
Mucosal surfaces
Respiratory tract (cilia)
GI/GU systems

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2
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Immunity you are born with
First line of defense

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immune system?

A

Epithelial barriers
Inflammation
Non-specific
No memory
Rapid defense

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Acquired

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5
Q

What characteristics does adaptive immunity have?

A

Memory cells
Specific antigen response
Initiated by inflammation response

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6
Q

What structures make up the innate immune system?

A

Secretory molecules (saliva)
Cilia
Epithelial cells
Cell derived chemicals
Normal flora

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7
Q

Why is the top layer of skin beneficial to the innate immune system?

A

It sloughs off and Carrie’s bacteria with it

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8
Q

What enzymes make up the innate immune system?

A

Lysozymes (kill gram +)
Sebaceous glands ( lower pH)
Defensins
Collectins

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9
Q

What are defensins?

A

Antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the bacterial cell wall-> made by neutrophils

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10
Q

What are collectins?

A

Active macrophages which increases phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is the second line of defense in the innate immune system?

A

Inflammatory response

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12
Q

What physically occurs during the inflammation response?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, functional loss

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13
Q

What happens when the mast cells are triggered?

A

Histamines are released to increase vascular permeability and vasodilation

Also starts the clotting cascade

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14
Q

What does increase in vascular permeability allow for?

A

Diapedesis of neutrophils

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15
Q

How does the clotting cascade help in the immune system?

A

Clots will create a fibrin net to trap bacteria

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16
Q

Where are selectins found and what do they do?

A

Intravascularly and they attract neutrophils to the area so they can diapedese

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17
Q

Where is the plasma protein made and where is it found?

A

Plasma protein are made in the liver and circulate the blood inactively until activated by inflammation (histamine release)

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18
Q

What processes make up the plasma protein system of the inflammation process?

A

Complement system, kinin system, and clotting system

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19
Q

What does the complement system do in innate immunity?

A

Allows for tagging bacteria and chemically attracting neutrophils- complements antibodies and phagocytosis

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20
Q

What does the clotting system do during innate immunity?

A

Intrinsically and extrinsically stimulates the clotting cascade

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21
Q

What does the kinin system do for the innate immune system

A

Triggers the release of bradykinin which stimulates nociceptors

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22
Q

What are the steps in the complement system for innate immunity?

A

-Increase vasodilation and permeability
-mast cell degranulation
-increase leukocyte chemotaxis
-Opsonization (tag pathogens)
-ultimately forms MAC proteins

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23
Q

What do MAC proteins do?

A

Put pores I. The bacterial cell wall which causes cellular lysis

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24
Q

What cells make up the innate immune system?

A

Leukocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Complement proteins
Mast cells
Inflammation mediators
Neutrophils
Eosinophils/basophils

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25
Q

What do mast cells release?

A

Histamines
Cytokines
Chemotaxic factors

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26
Q

What is the most important activator of the inflammation response?

A

Mast cells

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27
Q

What else will histamine do besides permeability and vasodilation?

A

Constriction of smooth muscles by connecting with H1 or H2 receptors

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28
Q

What makes up leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Granulocyte

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29
Q

What is the dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presenting cell “APC”

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30
Q

What does the dendritic cell do?

A

Links the innate and adaptive immune systems by activating the T-Lymphocytes on the adaptive immunity

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31
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Predominant at site of pathogen immediately, phagocytize bacteria & dead cells, makes up most purulent discharge

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32
Q

What do eosinophils defend against?

A

Parasites

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33
Q

What do basophils defend against?

A

Allergies and asthma

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34
Q

What are monocytes and where are they found

A

Precursor for a macrophage and it’s found circulating the blood. Once in the tissue -> becomes macrophage

35
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

-Respond to chemotactic factor that neutrophils release
-nom nom cellular debris
-promote synthesis of extra cellular matrix

36
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Recognize and kill viruses as well as defend against cancer cells

37
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Drains the interstitial fluid that drains out of the vascular system and empties it into the venous systwm

38
Q

What part of the lymphatic system empties into the venous system?

A

Efferent

39
Q

What does the afferent part of the lymphatic system do?

A

Brings fluid to the node… it’s 1 way flow

40
Q

What else is found in the afferent vessels

A

Lots of macrophages

41
Q

How much fluid does the lymphatic system drain a day?

A

Roughly 4 liters

42
Q

What does the cortex of lymph nodes contains?

A

Lymphoid tissue which holds B-cells (inactive) and dendritic cells

43
Q

What are secondary lymph nodes

A

Nodes that grow after the primary nodes have been stimulated

-> much bigger than lymph nodules

44
Q

What does the medullary sinus of the lymph nodes do?

A

Slows down lymph flow, allows lymph to interact with B-cells and then empty into the efferent system

45
Q

What else besides dendritic cells link innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Cytokines

46
Q

How do cytokines link the innate and adaptive immune system?

A

Signal molecules that bind and alter cellular function… can be both pro inflammatory or reduce inflammation

47
Q

What do cytokines contain

A

Interleukins

48
Q

What are interleukins

A

Type of cytokine that is released by macrophages and lymphocytes

49
Q

What do interleukins do?

A
  • Induce proliferation and maturation of leukocytes in bone marrow

-help turn on/off parts of adaptive immunity

50
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies

51
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Fight what’s in front of them at that immediate time

52
Q

What is MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

53
Q

Where is MHC found?

A

On a cell surface of all nucleated cells

54
Q

What does MHC do?

A

Presents the antigen to the T-cells and identifies self cells to prevent cellular damage

55
Q

What is HLA

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex which is coated of chromosome 6

56
Q

Where is MHC 1 found?

A

On all cells

57
Q

What does MHC 1 do?

A

Identifies cells with intracellular issues (cancer/flu)

58
Q

Where is MHC 2 found?

A

On APC

59
Q

What does MHC 2 do?

A

Identifies antigens/pathogens on cell wall and tags them for killing

60
Q

What makes up the third line of adaptive immunity?

A

T and B cells

61
Q

Where are T cells made

A

Thymus

62
Q

What are the different T cells

A

T helper
T lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T cells
Suppressor T cells
Memory T cells

63
Q

Where are B cells made

A

Bone marrow

64
Q

What do the B&T cells do as a whole

A

Bind with macrophages and self induce apoptosis

65
Q

Where does the third line adaptive immunity originate

A

Lymphoid stem cells -> stops growing in adolescence

66
Q

What are the 2 main B-cells

A

B Helper and plasma cells

67
Q

What are mature B-cells

A

Plasma cells

68
Q

What do the plasma cells do

A

Make antibodies (better for bacteria) and then secretes them

69
Q

What do the antibodies do to pathogens

A

Tag the antigen (destroy extracellular antigen)

Form antibody-antigen complexes

Induce opsonization

70
Q

What are the classes of immunoglobulins

A

IgG
IgE
IgA
IgM

71
Q

Where are IgG antibodies found

A

Found in secretions and have bacterial or toxin neutralization

72
Q

What are IgM antibodies

A

Largest, first secreted in response to antigen, cause agglutination

73
Q

What are IgG antibodies?

A

Most numerous, help neutralize toxins, activates complement cascade, long term immunity (thanks mom)

74
Q

What are IgE antibodies

A

Allergic response and secreted during parasitic infections

75
Q

What is the general T-Cell function

A

Cellular immunity (T-helper is #1 guy)

76
Q

What do the T regulator cells do

A

Limit the immune response

77
Q

What aids with intracellular signaling

A

CD accessory proteins

78
Q

What are the two main CD accessory proteins

A

CD 4 (important in HIV)
CD 8

79
Q

What are accessory organs for immunity

A

Tonsils
Spleen

80
Q

What makes up the tonsils

A

Adenoids
Palentine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

81
Q

Why do adenoids get removed

A

For sleep apnea

82
Q

Which tonsils usually get inflamed when sick

A

Palentine

83
Q

What does the spleen do

A

Filters antigens
Cleans blood via phagocytosis
Can be stimulated via sympathetic nervous system in times of crisis

CABS 1 Test (3 decks)

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