structure and bonding

Question 1

describe the particles in a solid and also describe solids
6 points

Answer 1

-particles packed together in a regular pattern
-little to no space between particles
- solids have fixed shape
-solids cannot flow
-because particles vibrate in fixed positions
-but cant move from place to place

Question 2

why are solids hard to compress (squeeze)
2 points

Answer 2

-particles packed together in a regular pattern
-with little to no spaces between particles

Question 3

why are liquids hard to compress

Answer 3

because particles are close together with not many spaces between them

Question 4

how are liquids different to solids
3 points

Answer 4

-take the shape of their container
-flow from place to place
-particles in liquid can move

Question 5

why are gases easy to compress

Answer 5

the particles are widely spaces

Question 6

why do gases spread out and fill the space in the container

Answer 6

the particles move quickly and randomly

Question 7

the state of a substance can be changed by doing what

Answer 7

putting in/ taking out
energy

Question 8

when a solid changes into a liquid, this is called ………
this takes place at the …….. ……..
the particles in a liquid ……..
This tells us that they have ….. ….. energy than …… in a solid.
This mean we must put ……… in to convert a ……. into a liquid

Answer 8

when a solid changes into a liquid, this is called melting
this takes place at the melting point
the particles in a liquid move
This tells us that they have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid.
This mean we must put energy in to convert a solid into a liquid

Question 9

what is the energy put into a solid used to do if your trying to melt the solid

Answer 9

to break the forces of attraction between the particles

Question 10

the amount of energy we need to put in to melt a solid depends on
2 things

Answer 10

the strength of the forces of attraction between the particles
/
how high the melting point is

Question 11

why does candle wax have low melting point

Answer 11

weak forces of attraction between particles
they are easy to break

Question 12

why does sodium chloride have high melting point

Answer 12

strong forces of attraction between particles
require a lot of energy to break

Question 13

freezing is…

Answer 13

converting liquid to solid

Question 14

what 2 processes take place at the melting point

Answer 14

melting
freezing

Question 15

what 2 processes take place at the boiling point

Answer 15

boiling
condensing

Question 16

what is condensing

Answer 16

converting gas to liquid

Question 17

boiling point will be high if ………
This is because it takes alot of energy to

Answer 17

there are strong forces of attraction between particles
break those forces and boil the liquid

Question 18

limitations of the simple particle model
3 points

Answer 18

assumes all particles are solid
spheres
assumes there are no forces between particles

Question 19

why is it a limitation that the simple particle model assumes there are no forces between particles

Answer 19

forces between particles are important for melting and boiling points

Question 20

do particles have sphere shapes in reality

Answer 20

no, they have different shapes

Question 21

how many electrons can be held in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th energy levels

Answer 21

2
8
8
18

Question 22

what types of elements react in ionic bonding

Answer 22

metal
non-metal

Question 23

describe process of ionic bonding in lithium and fluorine
5 ish points

Answer 23

when lithium and fluorine react,
Li loses its outer electron
F gains it
now both have full outer shells
Li become a +1 ion
F becomes a -1 fluoride ion

Question 24

what do metal atoms become when they lose electrons

Answer 24

+ ions

Question 25

what do non metal atoms become when they gain electrons

Answer 25

• ions

Question 26

in ionic bonding
group 1 metals become:
group 7 non metals become:
group 2 metals become:
group 6 non metals become

Answer 26

+1ions
-1ions
+2 ions
-2 ions

Question 27

**
* Cl ** + Na ~ = describe what the
**
dot and cross diagram would look like and check if correct

Answer 27

**
[ *~ Cl **]- + [Na]+
**

Question 28

**
* Cl ** + Na ~ =
**

**
[ *~ Cl **]- + [Na]+
**

describe what is happening in the ionic reaction
4 marks

Answer 28

one electron
passes from the sodium atom
to the chlorine atom
both atoms achieve a full outer energy level

Question 29

in a dot and cross diagram, we use dots and crosses to show

Answer 29

the OUTER electrons

Question 30

what does the dot and cross diagram for magnesium and oxygen look like

Answer 30

[Mg] 2+ [~~O**]2-
(2,8) (2,8)

Question 31

what do dot and cross diagrams for ionic bonding contain
4 things to remember

Answer 31

-the charge
-the outer electrons
-square brackets
-brackets with the electron numbers of internal shells and outer shell

Question 32

what happens when sodium reacts with chlorine

Answer 32

1 atom moves from sodium atom to chlorine atom
an ionic compound is formed

Question 33

what is an ionic compound

Answer 33

a giant structure of ions

Question 34

what are ionic compounds held together by

Answer 34

strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions

Question 35

describe a giant ionic lattice

Answer 35

3 dimensional
strong electrostatic forces of attraction between + and - ions

Question 36

how are ionic bonds formed
3 points

Answer 36

-a metal atom transfers 1 or more electrons to a non metal atom
-2 oppositely charged ions formed
-these two ions are attracted to eachother via electrostatic forces

Question 37

what is an ionic compound
explain in your own words and then according to the spec

Answer 37

many of the 2 oppositely charged ions that are bonded

a giant structure of ions - spec

Question 38

what is the name for a + charged ion

Answer 38

cation

Question 39

what is the set up inside a giant structure of ions

Answer 39

every + ion is surrounded by - ions
and vice verse

Question 40

what is the giant structure of ions called

Answer 40

giant ionic lattice