Agriculture and peasantry Flashcards

1
Q

When was emancipation

A

1861

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2
Q

When was the Bezdna unrest and what happened?

A

1861 - uprising fired upon with 100 kiled

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3
Q

What happened to poll tax under Alexander II

A

Increased by 80%

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4
Q

How much less land did peasants have to farm after emancipation?

A

20%

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5
Q

Under Alex II military service reduced to …

A

6 years (vs 25 before)

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6
Q

Peasant children in primary school under Alex II

A

450,000 to over 1 million by 1878

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7
Q

% of peasant representation in zemstva (Alex II)

A

38% in lower zemstva and 10.5% in upper

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8
Q

What happened in 1883? (Alex III)

A

Peasant Land bank introduced

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9
Q

What happened to taxes under Vyshnegadskii (Alex III)

A

increased by 29%

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10
Q

What happened to peasant allotments under Alex III

A

size decreased by 54%

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11
Q

What was abolished in 1886 (Alex III)

A

Poll tax

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12
Q

How many died in the 1891 famine (Alex III)

A

Around 400,000

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13
Q

Grain production increased by how much up to 1913 under Nicholas II

A

27%

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14
Q

When were redemption payments abolished?

A

1905 under Nicholas II

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15
Q

When was the duma created

A

1905

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16
Q

What happened to literacy rates under Nich II

A

51% un 1897 to 82% in 1920

17
Q

What happened to grain production in WW1

A

dropped by 21%

18
Q

How many peasants died 1914-1917

A

700,000

19
Q

What decree did Lenin pass in 1917 and what did it cause

A

Decree on Land - all private land handed out but as state controlled farms - 28% of Russia’s agricultural land was private

20
Q

What did the 1921-2 famine cause

A

5 million deaths

21
Q

What was Lenin’s policy that caused hardship 1917-21

A

War communism

22
Q

How many people were in collective farms under Lenin

A

18 million

23
Q

When was agricultural production restored to pre war levels

A

1926

24
Q

How much did grain production increase under NEP

A

22.5 million tonnes/year after 4 years - up to 72.5 mil years

25
Q

How many party officials and factory workers were sent to the countryside to assist the harvest under Stalin

A

100,000

26
Q

By 1930 and 1937 how much of Russia was collectivised

A

Stalin claimed 1930 - 53%, 1937 - 93%

27
Q

How many people died in the 1932 and 1933-4 famines

A

13 million people

28
Q

How many kulak families were deported under Stalin

A

3 million

29
Q

How low were agricultural wages on collective farms

A

Less than 20% of industrial wages

30
Q

How many Russian civilians died in WW2

A

19 million

31
Q

How many villages destroyed during WW2

A

70,000

32
Q

What was the virgin lands scheme, successes/failures

A

Scheme to expand agricultural land beyond Ural mountains, increased faming area by 70mil acres but poor harvests (1963) led to failed scheme, had to import wheat from Canada and USA

33
Q

What was the agricultural output under Khru

A

110 mil tonnes per year

34
Q

area of top soil blown off by wind in virgin land scheme

A

10 million hectares blown off 1956-8