Protozoa 2

Question 1

the most important parasitic diseases of humans

transmitted by female anopheles mosquitoes

cause by 5 plasmodium species

Answer 1

malaria

Question 2

enables plasmodium genus but not species identification

Answer 2

thick blood film examination

Question 3

to quantify parasites and enables plasmodium species identification

Answer 3

thin blood examination

Question 4

p. falciparum
p. vivax
p. ovale
p. malariae
p. knowlesi

Answer 4

plasmodium species

Question 5

• anaemia and jaundice
  due to RBC lysos during release of merozoites

falciparum and knowlesi: infect RBCs of all ages
vivax and ovale: infect young RBCs
malariae: infect old RBCs

• spleen trap and lyse infected RBCs
• cylic fever and rigor

Answer 5

malaria symptoms

Question 6

impair oxygen delivery

• brain: cerebral malaria
• kidney: blackwater fever, acute renal failure
• lung: acute respiratory distress syndrome dysfunction

rosette-shape cell clumps

Answer 6

falciparum malaria

Question 7

latent infection and malarial relapse

Answer 7

vivax and ovale

Question 8

• ingesting mammalian meat containing tissue cysts
• transfuse blood containing tachyzoites infected-white blood cells
• organ transplantation with organs containing tissue cysts
• ingest food/drinks contaminated with faeces of cats with oocytes
• faecal-oral route by oocysts
• congenital transmission: tachyzoites can cross placenta

Answer 8

toxoplasmosis: tissue infections

Question 9

ocular toxoplasmosis

cutaneous toxoplasmosis

congenita toxoplasmosis

Answer 9

toxoplasmosis: tissue infections

Question 10

transmitted by sandflies

L. donovani
L. tropicana
L. mexicana
L. braziliensis

Answer 10

Leishmania sp.

Question 11

• damage to reticuloendothelial system (liver, spleen, and bone marrow)
• fever, weakness, and weight loss
• hyperpigmentation of skin (kala-azar=black fever)
• post-kala-azar: macular, maculopapular, and nodular rashers

Answer 11

leishmania donovani

Question 12

• forest rodents are main reservoirs
• lesions are confined to the skins: granulomatous, necrotic ulcer forms at the bite site (become superinfected with bacteria)
• L. tropical and L. mexicana

Answer 12

cutaneous leishmaniasis

Question 13

• forest rodents are main reservoirs
• lesions at mucous membranes, cartilage, and skin
• begins with a papule at bite site, metastatic lesions form at mucocutaneous junction of the nose and mouth: disfiguring granulomatous and ulcerating lesions destroy nasal cartilage
• leishmania braziliensis

Answer 13

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Question 14

causes west african sleeping sickness
neurological manifestations progressing to coma and death develop
Winterbottom sign (swelling of posterior cervical lymph node at the neck)
chronic african trypanosomiasis

Answer 14

T. b. gambiense

Question 15

causes east african sleeping sickness
somnolence, inability to eat, tissue wasting, unconsciousness and death
acute african trypanosomiasis

Answer 15

T. b. rhodesiense

Question 16

• transmitted by blood sucking triatomine bugs via their infected faeces
• triatomine bugs contains trypomastigotes in its gut
• when sucking blood, it defecated, depositing trypomastigotes on host’s skin
• primitive homes among poor rural people
• American trypanosomiasis

Answer 16

chagas disease

Question 17

chagomas: subcutaneous inflammation and swollen at parasite inoculated site

romana sign: periorbital oedema at parasite entry site (swollen eyes, especially in children)

Answer 17

acute chagas disease

Question 18

megacolon and megaesophagus due to neuronal damage at GI system

chagasic cardiomyopathy and rare heart rhythm due to fibrosis of heart tissue and conduction system of heart

cardiac or digestive disorders

Answer 18

chronic chagas disease