Vaccines and immunisations - week 7 PBL

Question 1

Describe mechanism of vaccines

Answer 1

1) vaccine injected
2) PAMPs in vaccine detected as foreign
3) pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production
4) PPRs on dendritic cells bind to PAMPs
5) dendritic cells mature and migrate to lymph nodes
6) in lymph node, dendritic cells interact with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
7) CD8+ T cells = effector and memory cytotoxic T cells
8) Naive CD4+ activated = cytokine production (IL2) and mature T(h) cells
9) CD4 T(h) cell and naive B cell recgonise same antigen
10) B cells = plasma cell = secrete antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgE) and B(m) cells

Question 2

Examples of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 2

TB
MMR
VZV
Rotavirus
Yellow fever
oral typhoid
intranasal influenza

Question 3

Cons of live vaccines?

Answer 3

Potential for reversion
potential for vaccine infection

not suitable for pregnancy and immunocompromised

Question 4

Cons of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 4

not strongest immune response

safer for more people

Question 5

examples of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 5

polio, hep A, rabies
diptheria, tetanus

Question 6

examples of adenovirus vectors vaccines and mRNA viruses?

Answer 6

SARS-COV2

adenovirus = AZ
mRNA - pfizer and moderna

Question 7

What are adjuvants?

Answer 7

agents that stimulate an immune response by attracting immune cells to the site of injection