Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose phosphorylated to glucose phosphate using 2 phosphates from 2 ATP molecules, making it more reactive
  2. Splits into 2 molecules of triose phosphate which are oxidised to pyruvate
  3. 2 NAD reduced to 2 NADH
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2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2

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4
Q

Describe the link reaction

A
  1. Pyruvate enters matrix of mitochondria by active transport
  2. Oxidised to acetate, releasing H which reduces NAD
  3. CO2 produced
  4. Acetate and coenzyme A produce acetylcoenzyme A
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5
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Matrix

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6
Q

Describe the Krebs cycle

A
  1. Acetylcoenzyme A reacts with 4C molecule to make a 6C molecule whilst releasing coenzyme A
  2. 6C molecule oxidised to 5C and then back to 4C
  3. NAD and FAD reduced
  4. CO2 produced
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7
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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8
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from the Krebs cycle and how is it produced?

A

2, substrate level phosphorylation

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9
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. NADH and FADH oxidised, donating a H which dissociates into H+ and e-
  2. Electrons pass down series of electron carriers on inner membrane via redox reactions
  3. Electrons lose energy which is used to pump H+ across inner membrane, creating H+ gradient
  4. Some energy lost as heat
  5. H+ diffuse back through inner membrane via ATP synthase (chemiosmosis)
  6. Releases energy to form ATP from ADP + Pi
  7. e- and H+ combine with O2 to form H2O
  8. Oxygen is terminal electron acceptor
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10
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

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11
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

34

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12
Q

Which is the only stage included in anaerobic respiration?

A

Glycolysis

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13
Q

How is NAD regenerated in anaerobic respiration?

A

NADH is oxidised and the H released reduces pyruvate

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14
Q

What does reduced pyruvate form in anaerobic respiration of animals?

A

Lactic acid

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15
Q

What does reduced pyruvate form in anaerobic respiration of plants and fungi?

A

Ethanol and CO2

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16
Q

Why are you told to take deep breaths after getting a stitch?

A

O2 can oxidise lactic acid back to pyruvate which can enter the link reaction and continue aerobic respiration to form more ATP

17
Q

How are lipids used as respiratory substrates?

A
  1. Ester bonds hydrolysed
  2. Glycerol phosphorylated to triose phosphate
  3. Fatty acids hydrolysed into 2C fragments and converted to acetylcoenzyme A
18
Q

How are proteins used as respiratory substrates?

A
  1. Protein hydrolysed into amino acids
  2. Deamination
  3. 3C amino acids enter as pyruvate
  4. 4C and 5C amino acids enter Krebs cycle