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Dermatology > Integrative pathophysiology > Flashcards

Integrative pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of melanoma tumour stage (TNM)?

A

Breslow thickness
ulceration
microsatellites

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2
Q

What are the 4 layers of the epidermis?

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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3
Q

Where is Breslow thickness measured to and from?

A

measured from stratum granulosum layer to deepest invasive melanocyte

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4
Q

What is regression in melanoma?

A

depigmented area
patient mounted effective immune response to malignant melanocytes causing destruction

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5
Q

How does regression show under a microscope?

A

absence of melanocytes in dermis
scar tissue formation + deposition of pink collagen fibres
blood vessel proliferation
scattered melanophages

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6
Q

What causes erythema?

A

dilated blood vessels
lymphocytic inflammation around blood vessels (perivascular inflammation)

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7
Q

What causes surface scale?

A

hyperkeratosis

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8
Q

What is the only epithelial type that produces keratin?

A

squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What is the Lesser-Trelat sign?

A

abrupt appearance of multiple seborrhoeic keratoses can be a sign of internal malignancy

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10
Q

What is parakeratosis and what is it associated with?

A

nuclei present in thickened keratin layer
increased rate epidermal turnover

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11
Q

What epidermal layer do scabies mites burrow through?

A

stratum corneum

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12
Q

What is raised number of eosinophils associated with?

A

hypersensitivity reaction in skin

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13
Q

What causes a pustule?

A

accumulation of neutrophils + bacteria in follicular infundibulum

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14
Q

What causes an abscess?

A

collection of neutrophils with surrounding fibrosis

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15
Q

Stages of neutrophil emigration

A

margination
rolling
adhesion
diapedesis
phagocytosis

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16
Q

What sign is associated with Reed-Sternberg cells and what condition are they seen in?

A

Owl’s eye nuclei
Hodgkin Lymphoma

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17
Q

What are Pel-Ebstein fevers?

A

cyclical fever with periods of both high + normal temperature

18
Q

List the 3 B symptoms

A

fever
weight loss
night sweats

19
Q

Follicular lymphoma genetic abnormality

A

t(14;18)
links BCL2 gene on chromosome 18 with the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene on chromosome 14

20
Q

Burkitt lymphoma genetic abnormality

A

t(8;14) [most commonly]
links myc gene on chromosome 8 with immunoglobulin heavy chain gene on chromosome 14

21
Q

Mantle cell lymphoma genetic abnormality

A

t(11;14)
links cyclin D1 gene on chromosome 11 with the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene on chromosome 14

22
Q

CML genetic abnormality

A

t(9;22)
links proto-oncogene tyrosine protein kinase ABL 1 gene on chromosome 9 with the breakpoint cluster (BCR)gene on chromosome 22

23
Q

Which cells are CD4, CD3, CD8, CD30 and CD20 expressed on?

A

CD4 = helper T-cell
CD3 = T-cell
CD8 = cytotoxic T-cell
CD30 = Reed-sternberg cell
CD20 = B-cell

24
Q

Microcytic anaemia causes (TAILS)

A

Thalassaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency anaemia
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anaemia

25
Q

What would a raised protein level but a normal albumin suggest?

A

paraprotein present

26
Q

What do plasma cells produce in myeloma and what does this cause?

A

plasma cells produce RANKL which binds to RANK on cell membrane of osteoclasts, causing their activation, resulting in osteolytic lesions

27
Q

Define dysplasia

A

disordered growth

28
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

29
Q

Define atrophy

A

reduction in size of a cell or organ

30
Q

Define metaplasia

A

replacement of a mature cell type with a different mature cell type

31
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cell or organ

32
Q

What can smoking cause (in terms of cells changes)?

A

metaplasia
columnar epithelium –> squamous epithelium

33
Q

Where does SCC of lung arise from?

A

arise from bronchi
cause central masses

34
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas of lung generally present?

A

often seen peripherally

35
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis (from top to bottom)?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

36
Q

What type of epithelium is the epidermis?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

37
Q

What is the main cell found in the epithelium?

A

keratinocytes

38
Q

How do keratinocytes mature in the epidermis?

A

they mature upwards from stratum basale to stratum corneum

39
Q

What is the epidermis derived from? (embryology)

A

ectoderm

40
Q

What is the dermis derived from? (embryology)

A

mesoderm

41
Q

What cells can be found in smaller numbers than keratinocytes in the epidermis?

A

melanocytes
langerhans cells

Dermatology (23 decks)

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