Lec 1

Question 1

amino acid

Answer 1

An organic molecule containing a central carbon atom attached to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

Question 2

anti-codon

Answer 2

The sequence of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that base pairs with the corresponding codon in the mRNA molecule.

Question 3

Archaea

Answer 3

One of the three domains of life, consisting of single celled organisms with a single circular chromosome and no nucleus that divide by binary fission and differ from bacteria in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology.

Question 4

Bacteria

Answer 4

One of the three domains of life, consisting of single celled organisms with a single circular chromosome but no nucleus, that divide by binary fission and differ from archaeons in many aspects of their cell and molecular biology.

Question 5

carbohydrate

Answer 5

An organic molecule containing C, H, and O atoms that provides a source of energy for metabolism and that forms the starting point for the synthesis of all other organic molecules.

Question 6

cell membrane

Answer 6

semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 7

central dogma

Answer 7

Pathway from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 8

codon

Answer 8

a group of three adjacent nucleotides in RNA that specifies an amino acid in a protein or that terminates polypeptide synthesis

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

deoxyribonucleic acid, information archive. Blueprint that encodes and helps determine physical attributes

Question 10

DNA replication

Answer 10

The process of duplicating a DNA molecule, during which the parental strands separate and new partner strands are made

Question 11

Eukarya

Answer 11

The eukaryotes; one of the three domains of life, in which cells have a true nucleus and divide my mitosis

Question 12

eukaryote

Answer 12

An organism whose cells have a true nucleus

Question 13

gene

Answer 13

the DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein synthesis

Question 14

gene expression

Answer 14

the production of a functional gene byproduct

Question 15

genetic code

Answer 15

The correspondence between codons and amino acids, in which 20 amino acids are specified by 64 codons

Question 16

mRNA

Answer 16

Messenger RNA, the RNA molecule that combines with a ribosome to direct protein synthesis. It carries the genetic ‘message’ from the DNA to the ribosome.

Question 17

most recent common ancestor (MRCA)

Answer 17

ancestral organism shared by two or more descendent lineages

Question 18

non-template DNA

Answer 18

DNA that does not function as a template, acts as a base for mRNA transcription

Question 19

nucleic acid

Answer 19

A polymer of nucleotides that encodes and transmits genetic information

Question 20

nucleus

Answer 20

The compartment of a cell that houses the DNA in chromosomes

Question 21

peptide bond

Answer 21

A covalent bond that links the carbon atom in the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the nitrogen atom in the amino group of another amino acid

Question 22

phospholipid

Answer 22

A type of lipid and a major component of of the cell membrane

Question 23

phylogenetic tree

Answer 23

A tree-like diagram representing a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among populations or species

Question 24

prokaryote

Answer 24

An organism whose cell or cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus; sometimes used to refer collectively to archaeons and bacteria

Question 25

protein

Answer 25

Created by info encoded in DNA, key structural and functional molecules that do the work of the cell

Question 26

rRNA

Answer 26

ribosomal RNA; noncoding RNA found in all ribosomes that aid in translation

Question 27

RNA

Answer 27

Ribonucleic acid, copy of DNA’s info, created by proteins

Question 28

Ribosome

Answer 28

Complex structure of RNA and protein, bound to the cytosolic face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, on which proteins are synthesized.

Question 29

tRNA

Answer 29

transfer RNA; Noncoding RNA that carries individual amino acids for use in translation

Question 30

template DNA

Answer 30

In DNA replication, the parental strand whose sequence is used to synthesize a complementary daughter strand

Question 31

“tree of life”

Answer 31

A phylogenetic tree showing the evolution of relationships among different organisms, where organisms begin or end, and points where ancestral lines split into new lines of evolution

Question 32

transcription

Answer 32

Synthesis of RNA from DNA template

Question 33

translation

Answer 33

Converts info stored in nucleic acid language, to protein language

Question 34

carboxyl group

Answer 34

a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, namely, hydroxyl (single-bonded OH) and carbonyl (double bonded O) groups

Question 35

ATP

Answer 35

adenosine triphosphate; molecule that enables cells to carry out all sorts of work, including growth, division, and moving substances into and out of the cell.