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circ-histology and embryology > histology of the lymphoid organs > Flashcards

histology of the lymphoid organs Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the immune system

A

distinguish self from foreign substances
neutralize/inactivate foreign molecules
destroy microogranism and other cells (cancer, virus infected)

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2
Q

small spherical nodules of immune cells

A

lymphoid nodules = lymphatic follicles

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3
Q

4 lymphatic organs

A

lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow

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4
Q

primary lymphatic organs

A

bone marrow
thymus

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5
Q

secondary lymphatic organs

A

the lymph nodes
spleen
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) : BALT or GALT

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6
Q

what is MALT

A

diffuse isolated cell / lymphatic nodules found in the mucosa of tissues communicating with outside

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7
Q

MALT is found in which system

A

digestive: tonsil, Peyer’s patches, appendix vermiformis
respiratory
reproductive
urinary

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8
Q

antigen

A

molecule recognized and elicit a immune response

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9
Q

2 type of immune response

A

innate
adaptive : cellular or humoral

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10
Q

antibodies

A

gamma globulin : a glycoprotein that interact specifically with the antigenic determinant

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11
Q

common design of antibody

A

2 light chain
2 heavy chain
Fc region: receptors for immune cells

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12
Q

surface antibodies

A

IgM: on B lymphocyte
IgD: on B lymphocyte
IgE: on mast cell and basophil

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13
Q

IgA is found where?

A

secretions (saliva, milk, tears)

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14
Q

one of the most important protein of the complement system

A

component 3 (C3)

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15
Q

what is complement system

A

cascade of proteolytic proteins that stimulate pagocytosis and induce lysis of microorganism by acting on their cell membrane

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16
Q

cytokines are ____ produced by _____

A

peptide/glycoproteins with low molecular masses
lymphocytes, macrophages, leukocytees, endothelial cells and fibroblast

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17
Q

____ are cytokines inducing diapedesis of leukocytes and migration to site of inflammation

A

chemotaxins/chemokines

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18
Q

antigen presenting cell

A

B-lymphocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells (*Langerhans)

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19
Q

supporting cells of the immune system

A

reticular cells producing reticular fiber meshwork to enable easier movement/migration of immune cells

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20
Q

the precursors of all lymphocytes originate in ____

A

bone marrow

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21
Q

B lymphocytes mature in the ____
T lymphocytes mature in ____

A

bone marrow
thymus

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22
Q

Double positive thymocytes

A

CD4+
CD8+

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23
Q

true/false

there is a very small percentage of B lymphocyte in the thymus

A

False: there is no B lymphocyte in thymus

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24
Q

B in B-lymphocytes stand for ____

A

bursa-equivalent organs

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25
Q

type of membrane bound immunoglobulin as B-cell receptor (BCR)

A

IgM
IgD

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26
Q

encounter of B lymphocyte with the epitope causes redifferentiation to produce

A

plasma cell with secrete antibodies

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27
Q

true/false

all activated B cells become plasma cells

A

False: some remain as long-lived B memory cell

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28
Q

all T cell express

A

CD2, CD3, CD7

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29
Q

T cells recognize epitopes that form complexes with

A

Host Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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30
Q

types of T cells

A

helper T cell : CD4+
cytotoxic T cell: CD8+
regulatory T cell: CD4+25+ –> immune tolerance
MAIT
gamme/delta T

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31
Q

Natural killer cells involved in ____ immunity, attack ____

A

innate
virus-infected, transplanted, cancer cell

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32
Q

true/false

Lymphocytes are differentiable under microscopoe

A

false: they are only recognized by their surface markers, which NK cells lack B and T characteristics.

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33
Q

MHC1 is present on ____
MHC2 is present on ____

A

all nucleated cells
antigen presenting cells

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34
Q

CD4+ T cell interact with MHC ____
CD8+ T cell interact with MHC _____

A

2
1

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35
Q

lymphatic vessels begin as ____ capillaries, their walls are ____ since large molecules readily enter this system

A

blind
more permeable

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36
Q

true/false

RBC is present in the lymph

A

False: lymph lack RBCs. Lymphocytes circulate through blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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37
Q

function of lymph

A

collects extra intersitial/extracellular fuid and return it back to the circulation

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38
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue is found in ____, it is a part of ____

A

lamina propria of alimentary canal, respiratory passages and genitourinary tract
MALT

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39
Q

what are lymphatic nodules

A

discrete concentration of lymphocytes in a meshwork of reticular cell

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40
Q

true/false

lymphatic nodules are encapsulated

A

False: They are not capsulated.

41
Q

Lymphatic nodules are usually found in structures associated with ____

A

alimentary canal: tonsil, ileum, vermiform appendix

42
Q

2 types of lymphatic nodules

A

primary nodule: mainly small lymphocytes
secondary nodule: germinal center + mantle zone/corona = actiavted B cells

43
Q

germinal center in lymphatic nodule form when ___

A

B lymphocyte that has recognized antigen undergoes extensive proliferation adn differentiation

44
Q

lighter area of germinal center due to ____
darker area of mantle zone due to ___

A

large cells as lymphoblasts and plasmoblasts
small lymphocytes

45
Q

aggregation of nodules are found where?

A

tonsil
peyer’s patches
vermiform appendsix

46
Q

3 types of tonsil

A

pharyngeal tonsil = adenoid
lingual tonsil
palatine tonsil

47
Q

tonsils are lined by ____ epithelium

A

squamous

48
Q

squamous epithelium invaginating into the underlying connective tissue in tonsils

A

tonsillar crypts

49
Q

tonsil is seperated form underlying tissue by ____

A

hemicapsule

boundary for tonsillectomy

50
Q

true/false

aggregation of lymphatic nodules collect by afferent vessels and drain into efferent vessels

A

False: they don’t have afferent vessels but drain into efferent vessels

51
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

small bean shaped encapsulated organs along the pathway of lymphatic vessels

52
Q

lymph nodes are concentrated around ____

A

axilla, groin, mesenteries

53
Q

lymph nodes accept afferent vessels from ____ and drain into efferent vessels from ____

A

convex surface
hilum: depression on concave surface, also entry and exit of blood vessels and nerves

54
Q

paranchyma of the lmpyh node is divided into

A

cortex: dense mass of lymphatic tissue
medulla

55
Q

cortex of lymph node

A

superficial cortex: has the lymphatic nodules
deep cortex (paracortex): most of T cells, thymus dependent cortex

56
Q

2 structures found in medulla of lymph node

A

medullary cords: cords of lymphatic tissue, mostly B cells
medullar sinuses: lymphatic sinus, converge near hilum to drain in efferent vessels

57
Q

supporting elements of lymph node

A

capsule
trabecula
reticular tissue

58
Q

lymph node

capsule

A

dense connective tissue around the node

59
Q

lymph node

trabecula

A

extension of dense connective tissue into the paranchyma

60
Q

lymph node

____ form supporting meshwork, cells are of mesenchymal origin.

A

Reticular cells and reticular fibers (type III collagen)

61
Q

filtration pathway in the lymph node

A

afferent –> subcapsular (cortical) sinus –> trabecular sinus –> medullary sinus –> efferent

62
Q

characteristic of endothelial lining in sinuses of lymph node:
adjacent to connective tissue –>
lymphatic paranchyma –>

A

adjacent to connective tissue –> continous
lymphatic paranchyma –> discontinous

63
Q

____ monitor and enhance filtration by their process around the reticular meshwork of lymph node

A

macrophages

64
Q

lymphocytes enter lymph node via:
when in lymph –>
when in blood –>

A

when in lymph –> afferent lymphatic vessels /sometimes efferent
when in blood –> postcapillar venules /high endothelial venules

65
Q

in lymph node

high endothelial venules (HEVs) reside in ____ , they are lined by ____ and express ____ for solvent drag effect for lymph into deep cortex

A

deep cortex
cuboidal/columnar endothelium
AQP-1

66
Q

HEV have receptor for ____ and they leave bloodstream by ___

A

antigen primed lymphocytes (B and T)
diapedesis
*T cells remain in deep cortex, B cells migrate to nodular cortex

67
Q

lymph node function

A

phagocytosis
initiation of immune response

68
Q

reactive lymphadenitis in lymph node

A

hyperplastic germinal center
*bilateral lymph node swelling without pain can indicate lymphoma

69
Q

____ is a lymphoepithelial organ

A

thymus

70
Q

thymus corresponds to ____ of lymph node

A

paracortex

71
Q

thymus is located in ____ and develop from ____

A

superior mediastinum
3rd (sometimes 4th) pharyngeal pouch

72
Q

involution

A

fully funtional thymus is replaced by adipose tissue (can be restimulated on demand)

73
Q

architecture of thymus

A

connective tissue capsule extends as trabecules dividing organ into lobules

74
Q

special supportive network of thymus

A

epithelioreticular meshwork:
epithelioreticular cells have intercellular junctions and intermediate filament

75
Q

thymus

types of epithelioreticular cells

A

Type I : around connective tissue and around blood vessels, thight junctions
Type II, III, IV,V: form interceullar junctions, involved T cell education
Type VI: form Hassal’s thymic corpuscle –> concentrically arranged cells with keratohyalin granules

76
Q

layers of blood-thymus barrier

A

capillary wall: endothelium, basal lamina, pericytes
perivascular connective tissue : macrophages
epithelioreticular cell layer: type I epithelioreticular cells

77
Q

major structural component of the blood-thymus barrier

A

type I epithelioreticular cells

78
Q

in blood thymus barrier, antigenic molecules escaped from capillaries are captured by ___

A

macrophages

79
Q

thymic education is accomplished by expression and deletion of ____ antigens to produce

A

specific surface CD
immunocompetent T cells

80
Q

largest lymphatic organ

A

spleen

81
Q

spleen consists of 2 ____ based on ____

A

splenic pulps: white pulp and red pulp
fresh tissue appereance

82
Q

lymphatic vessels orginate in ____ in spleen

A

white pulp near trabceulae

83
Q

does spleen have :
capsule
trabecula
lymphatic sinuses
cortex/medulla

A

capsule +
trabecula +
lymphatic sinuses -
cortex/medulla -

84
Q

spleen

capsule and trabecula have ____ in order to discharge stored blood

A

myofibroblasts: masive amount of blood is discharged by contraction

85
Q

spleen

white pulp composed of

A

splenic nodules
periarteriolar lymphatic sheath
central artery/arteriole

appear basophilic due to lymphocytes

86
Q

spleen

PALS

A

mainly T-lymphocytes
corresponds to paracortex of lymph node
displace central artery to the periphery

87
Q

splenic nodule

A

territory of B lymphocytes
usually seconday nodules
marginal zone contains marginal sinuses (blood)

88
Q

spleen

vascularization of white pulp

A

splenic artery –> trabecular artery –>gives branch as central artery in the white pulps –> marginal sinus

89
Q

spleen

function of red pulp

A

filter: remove aged and damaged RBC and microorganism
storage site for RBC

90
Q

spleen - red pulp

splenic/venous sinuses

A

special sinusoidal vessels: basal lamina loop around
no smooth muscle or pericyte
processes of macrophages extend to lumen for monitoring foreign antigens

lined by Stave cell

91
Q

red pulp

splenic cords

A

also called medullary cords
loose meshwork of reticular cell
macrophages destroy damaged blood cells

91
Q

red pulp

splenic cords

A

also called medullary cords
loose meshwork of reticular cell
macrophages destroy damaged blood cells

92
Q

vascularization of red pulp in humans

A

splenic artery –> trabecular artery –>gives branch as central artery in the white pulps –> penicillar arterioles –> sheathed capillaries (branches) –> splenic cords –> splenic sinuses

93
Q

sheated capillaries in spleen

A

branches of penicillar arterioles
surrounded by aggregates of macrophages

94
Q

open circulation in spleen

A

sheated capillaries empty into cords : exposure to macrophages
closed circulation: sheated capillaries directly continous to venous circulation with sinuses

95
Q

immune system function of spleen

A

antigen presentation
activation and proliferation of B and T cells
antibody production
removal of macromolecules from blood

96
Q

hematopoietic functions of spleen

A

removal of blood cells
retrieval of iron
formation of RBC in fetal life
storage of RBC in some species

97
Q

excessive hemolysis in spleen can cause

A

spleenomegaly

circ-histology and embryology (7 decks)

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