TBL 1 - PHARMACY, PHARMACISTS AND THE NHS Flashcards
Where has the beginnings of pharmacy traced back to and what types of medicinal plants were used?
Pharmacy old profession traced back to 4000bc, where medicinal plants such as liquorice, mustard, myrrh and opium were used.
Who were preparers of medicine and what were their roles in society?
Preparer of medicine combined role with priests - high regard in society.
In Egyptian and China records what types of drugs were used? And where in UK were the sales of medicines done?
Egyptian records (1500 BC) show over 700 drugs used to make infusions, ointments, lozenges, suppositories, lotions, enemas and pills.
China (2000 BC) records contain descriptions of 365 plant based drugs.
UK (1345) sale of medicines in London.
In the Victorian era what theories did physicians follow?
Victorian era - physician followed theories around Hippocrates who believed that illness and disease were caused by an imbalance in the 4 humours (blood, phylum, black bile and yellow bile).
In the 19th century remedies contained a substance which are highly toxic? What is the substance called?
19th century remedies contained lead, mercury and antimony which were all highly toxic. - people had low comprehension of what caused disease or understanding of the human body.
Where could you get free medical care during 19th century?
Medical care - profit based except free care from some charities/teaching hospitals.
During medieval London who controlled pharmacies?
Medieval London pharmacy under control of the Company of Grocers a guild that regulated the selling of spices, meat, food and drink.
How did apothecaries make their money and what year did apothecaries broke away from the company of grocers?
Apothecaries made their money by supplying, compounding and selling drugs - can’t charge for home visits, providing medical advice or prescribing meds.
1617 - apothecaries broke away from the company of grocers wanting to ensure the purity of the products they were selling.
As apothecaries broke away from the company of grocer what did it led to?
Led to the creation of the worshipful society of the art and mystery of apothecaries and a costly 7 year apprentiship system. Only passing the exam can they can be call themselves apothecary.
What is the worship society of art and mystery of apothecaries responsible for?
Society - responsible for regulating sale and production of meds and now has the authority to inspect medicines.
1704 - society won a case against the Royal college of physicians to give them the right to prescribe medicines as well as dispense them.
What were the chemists and druggists role?
Apothecaries role of GP now so gap in market which are filled by chemists and druggists.
Unregulated group of individuals who owned premises on high street in which they prepared, compounded, dispensed and sold over the counter medicines. - didn’t pass any exams or have any qualifications
What did the chemist and druggist sell besides medicines? And what would be an example of a product sold by chemist and druggist?
Sold tobacco, alcohol, cosmetics and food.
Opened long hrs and can be accessed in an emergency. - caters to population.
Example of product sold is burgess lion ointment and pills which claimed to cure ulcers, abscesses, cancer’s and tumours avoiding the need for amputation and knife.
What is pharmacopeia and what is the role of the British pharmacopeia?
Pharmacopeia were main reference source for physicians and apothecaries in the 19th century.
1864 - combined all pharmacopoeia into one containing a range of different cure-all’s.
BP role in protecting public health by providing quality standards for UK pharmaceutical substances and medicinal products.
Used over 100 countries
Provides expert advice to WHO
Why did the apothecaries act 1815 come into place?
Apothecaries act 1815 - came about for the need to regulate the medical professional in the UK, making it a requirement that apothecaries undertook an apprenticeship and training.
Why were there tension between the apothecaries and chemist and druggists?
Apothecaries made failed attempts to get bills to parliament - aim being to prevent chemist and druggists from dispensing medications and removing the need for a separate pharmacy professional.
What is the pharmacy society 1841 role?
Pharmacy society 1841 regulatory body for chemist and druggist which gained its royal charter in 1843.
What year was the school of pharmacy founded and what year did a register for the chemists who passed their exams appear?
1842 - school of pharmacy was founded - located at 17 Bloomsbury square in London.
1852 - a register of pharmaceutical chemists for those who had passed the pharmaceutical society exams formed.
1967 - pharmacy student enrol on a degree course
When we women allowed to become full members of the soceity?
Women initially banned from joining society despite being able to take the exam and own a business but in 1879 women obtained the right to full membership
What did the pharmacy act 1868 allow?
1868 - Pharmacy act allowing those that passed the society’s exams to sell, dispense and compound poisons to the general public.
What are the 2 aims of the society?
2 aims of society - to regulate pharmacy education and regulate access to medicines.
Who founded boots chemist?
- Jesse boots, founded boots the chemist had chain of 250 branches by 1800.
What happened in 1953 regarding chemist and druggists titles?
1953 - chemist and druggist qualification phased out and given title pharmacist.
