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biology higher > Structure and replication of DNA > Flashcards

Structure and replication of DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What information in inherited

A

Genetic information is inherited

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2
Q

DNA is a substance that does what

A

DNA is a substance which encodes the genetic information of inheritance in a chemical language

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3
Q

How to describe DNA

A

DNA is a very long, double - stranded molecule in the shape of a double helix

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4
Q

What is each strand of DNA made up from

A

Each strand of DNA is made up of chemical units called nucleotides

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5
Q

What three parts make up a DNA nucleotide

A

DNA nucleotide is made up from deoxyribose, phosphate, and a base

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6
Q

what do deoxyribose molecules have

A

Deoxyribose molecules have five carbon atoms numbered 1 to 5

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7
Q

What happens between nucleotide phosphates and the carbon molecules

A

The phosphate of one nucleotide joins to the carbon 5’5 and is linked to the carbon 3’3 of the next nucleotide in the strand

This produces a 3’-5’ sugar-phosphate-backbone

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8
Q

What are the four different DNA bases called

A

A - adenine
C - cytosine
T - thymine
G - guanine

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9
Q

How are the strands joined together

A

The nucleotides of one strand of DNA are linked to the nucleotides on the next strand of DNA through their complementary base pairs

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10
Q

What are the pairs

A

Adenine - Thymine
(Adenine - Uracil)
Guanine - Cytosine

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11
Q

How are base pairs held together

A

Base pairs are held together by weak hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What does each strand have

A

Each strand has a sugar-phosphate backbone which has a 3’ end that starts with a deoxyribose molecule and a 5’ end that finishes with a phosphate molecule

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13
Q

What way do the two strands of a DNA molecule run

A

The two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions and are antiparallel to each other

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14
Q

What forms the genetic code

A

The base sequence of DNA forms the genetic code

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15
Q

When do DNA molecules replicate

A

DNA molecules replicate before cell division

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16
Q

What is replication

A

Replication is the process by which DNA molecules can direct the synthesis of identical copies of themselves

17
Q

What does DNA replication require

A

DNA replication requires the original DNA strands to act as template strands, a supply of DNA nucleotides, primers, enzymes DNA polymerase and ligase, ATP

18
Q

What is DNA replicated by

A

DNA is replicated by the enzyme DNA polymerase before cell division

19
Q

What is needed to start replication

A

DNA polymerase requires primers to start replication

20
Q

Describe a primer strand

A

A primer is a very short complementary strand of nucleotides which bind to the 3’ end of the template
(DNA strand allowing polymerase to add DNA nucleotides

21
Q

How does DNA polymerase add DNA nucleotides to the new strand of DNA being formed

A

DNA polymerase adds DNA nucleotides, using complementary base pairing, to the deoxyribose 3’ end of the new DNA strand which is forming

22
Q

How are two template strands created

A

DNA is unwound and hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken to form two template strands

23
Q

What happens to the leading strand and lagging strand

A

DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in one direction from it 3’ end to it’s 5’ end and as a result, the leading strand is replicated continuously and lagging strand is replicated in fragments

24
Q

How are the fragments joined together

A

Fragments are joined together by the enzyme ligase

25
Q

What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

PCR is a laboratory technique used for the amplification of DNA

26
Q

How does PCR amplify DNA

A

PCR amplifies DNA using complementary primers for specific target sequences

27
Q

Describe the primer strands of PCR

A

primers are short strands of nucleotides which are complementary to specific target sequences at the two 3’ ends of the region of DNA needed to be amplified

28
Q

How does PCR work

A

PCR takes place by repeated cycles of heating and cooling to amplify the target region of DNA
One cycle of PCR doubles the number of copies of a region of DNA

29
Q

What is step 1 of PCR

A

DNA is heated to between 92 degrees and 98 degrees to separate the strands

30
Q

What is step 2 of PCR

A

It is then cooled to between 50 degrees and 65 degrees to allow primers to bind to target sequences

31
Q

What is step 3 of PCR

A

It is then heated to between 70 degrees and 80 degrees for heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate the region of DNA

32
Q

What can PCR be used for

A

PCR can be used for a variety of practical applications
PCR can amplify DNA to help solve crimes, solve paternity disputes and diagnose genetic disorders

biology higher (3 decks)

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