History Semester 1 final

Question 1

Direct democracy

Answer 1

Population votes directly on actions

Question 2

Theocracy

Answer 2

Governed by religion

Question 3

Magna Carta

Answer 3

-Nobles revolt against King John
-Signed in 1215
-Jury of peers, no taxation without consent

Question 4

Montesquieu

Answer 4

-Published “The Spirit of Laws” in 1748
-Checks and balances in govt.

Question 5

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

Answer 5

-Published “The Social Contract” in 1762
-People are most happy when they have more freedom
-Direct democracy

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

-Tabla Rasa: Every human is born neutral
-Social contract theory:
+Govt. brings order and protection
+Citizens follow laws
+Citizens can overthrow

Question 7

Voltaire

Answer 7

Freedom of expression

Question 8

Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 8

-Exiled diplomat, wrote “The Prince”
-Better feared than loved
-changed the nature of politics, no mention of divine right

Question 9

Enlightenment

Answer 9

-Reason applied to Bible
-Period of philosophy

Question 10

American Revolution+US Constitution

Answer 10

-Influenced by enlightenment ideals
-Inspired french revolution

Question 11

Napoleonic Reforms

Answer 11

-Established National Bank+loans
-Louisiana purchase
-Brought back nobles
-Jobs through merit(everyone is equal)

Question 12

Committee of Public Safety

Answer 12

-Ruled during Reign of Terror
-Run by Robespierre

Question 13

Reign of Terror

Answer 13

-Beheaded many for being “counter-revolutionaries”
+Marie Antionette
-To establish “Republic of Virtue”
-Tried to remove religion

Question 14

Bastille

Answer 14

-Rumors spiral of Louis XVI hiring Swiss mercenaries
-People raid Bastille to arm themselves
-Point of no return for revolution

Question 15

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 15

-Sworn by National Assembly after Louis XVI locked them out of meeting place
-Stop at nothing to write new Constitution

Question 16

Guillotine

Answer 16

Beheading tool used during Reign of Terror

Question 17

Napoleon’s invasion of Russia

Answer 17

-Failed
+France follows the Russians through land, losing men and resources as they go
+Russians leave land behind them burned
+Bad terrain

Question 18

Estates General

Answer 18

-French voting system
+First Estate: Clergy, made up 1% of France, paid no taxes
+Second Estate: Nobles, 2%, few taxes
Third Estate: Other 97%, most taxes
-Louis XVI called them into action
-National Assembly formed

Question 19

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Answer 19

-Integrated Enlightenment beliefs
-Goals for new govt.

Question 20

Levee En masse/Citizen Army

Answer 20

-LeM calls for every french citizen to help war effort against Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, Portugal
-Citizen army of 650,000, motivated
-Generals rise through survival of the fittest

Question 21

Continental System

Answer 21

-Ban by Napoleon on British goods to harm British economy
-Ended up boosting British
+Forced trades to spread
+Goods became worth more due to risk involved
+Russia forced to break boycott

Question 22

Hundred Days

Answer 22

-The time between Napoleon’s return to Waterloo to the second restoration of the throne

Question 23

Isaac Newton

Answer 23

-Invented calculus, applied it to astronomy
-Principa
+Three Principals of motion
=Object at rest will remain at rest until acted on by an outside force
=Object in motion will remain in motion
=Equal and opposite reaction

Question 24

Adam Smith/Laissez-Faire

Answer 24

-“The Wealth of Nations”
-People will serve their own best self-interest
+Highest quality, lowest price
-Laissez Faire: necessary competition
-Invisible Hand Theory

Question 25

Mercantilism

Answer 25

-Limited amount of wealth in the world, gold and silver
-gained through conquest
-High export, low import –> Tariffs

Question 26

Humanism

Answer 26

-Movement based on Greco-Roman art+studies
-Fathered by Petrach
-Individuality, moving away from religion

Question 27

Erasmus

Answer 27

-Christianity is a lifestyle
-Didn’t want new church
-Education is key

Question 28

Copernicus

Answer 28

-First to suggest heliocentric world model
-“On Revolution of Heavenly Spheres” (published at death)

Question 29

Descartes

Answer 29

-“I think therefore I am”
-Cartesian Dualism
+Mind separate from matter
+Religion only exists in mind
-“Discourse on method”

Question 30

Spinoza

Answer 30

-Combine science and religion
-Human body knows when it has sinned

Question 31

Pascal

Answer 31

-Human mind cannot understand God(God is infinite)
-Humans are capable of greatness, but weak
+Only christianity acknowledges this

Question 32

Brahe

Answer 32

Collected data of star movements for 20 years

Question 33

Kepler

Answer 33

-Three laws of planetary motion
+planets orbit in the shape of an ellipse
+speed of planet increases closer to sun
+planets with larger orbits revolve slower

Question 34

Galileo

Answer 34

-Developed space telescope
-Celestial bodies are made of rock
-“Two Chief World Systems”

Question 35

Ptolemy

Answer 35

-Sun is center of universe
-Believed until Scientific Revolution

Question 36

Charlemagne/ Charles the great

Answer 36

-First European monarch
-King of Franks, then Holy Roman Emperor
-Pushed forward “city of god” ideals

Question 37

German princes in Reformation

Answer 37

Aided Martin Luther because less power to church meant more power for them

Question 38

Lutheranism

Answer 38

-Abolished celibacy
-No indulgences
-Luther still believes in divine right
-no monasticism
-Encouraged founding schools
-Faith and no hierarchy

Question 39

Anabaptists

Answer 39

-All are equal
-free choice
-no killing
-early christian values
-Adult baptism

Question 40

Anglicans

Answer 40

-Founded by Henry VIII to divorce his wife