History Semester 1 final Flashcards by Lena De Pelsmaeker

Direct democracy

Population votes directly on actions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Theocracy

Governed by religion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Magna Carta

-Nobles revolt against King John
-Signed in 1215
-Jury of peers, no taxation without consent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Montesquieu

-Published “The Spirit of Laws” in 1748
-Checks and balances in govt.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

-Published “The Social Contract” in 1762
-People are most happy when they have more freedom
-Direct democracy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

John Locke

-Tabla Rasa: Every human is born neutral
-Social contract theory:
+Govt. brings order and protection
+Citizens follow laws
+Citizens can overthrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Voltaire

Freedom of expression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Niccolo Machiavelli

-Exiled diplomat, wrote “The Prince”
-Better feared than loved
-changed the nature of politics, no mention of divine right

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enlightenment

-Reason applied to Bible
-Period of philosophy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

American Revolution+US Constitution

-Influenced by enlightenment ideals
-Inspired french revolution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Napoleonic Reforms

-Established National Bank+loans
-Louisiana purchase
-Brought back nobles
-Jobs through merit(everyone is equal)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Committee of Public Safety

-Ruled during Reign of Terror
-Run by Robespierre

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reign of Terror

-Beheaded many for being “counter-revolutionaries”
+Marie Antionette
-To establish “Republic of Virtue”
-Tried to remove religion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bastille

-Rumors spiral of Louis XVI hiring Swiss mercenaries
-People raid Bastille to arm themselves
-Point of no return for revolution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tennis Court Oath

-Sworn by National Assembly after Louis XVI locked them out of meeting place
-Stop at nothing to write new Constitution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Guillotine

Beheading tool used during Reign of Terror

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Napoleon’s invasion of Russia

-Failed
+France follows the Russians through land, losing men and resources as they go
+Russians leave land behind them burned
+Bad terrain

Estates General

-French voting system
+First Estate: Clergy, made up 1% of France, paid no taxes
+Second Estate: Nobles, 2%, few taxes
Third Estate: Other 97%, most taxes
-Louis XVI called them into action
-National Assembly formed

Declaration of the Rights of Man

-Integrated Enlightenment beliefs
-Goals for new govt.

Levee En masse/Citizen Army

-LeM calls for every french citizen to help war effort against Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, Portugal
-Citizen army of 650,000, motivated
-Generals rise through survival of the fittest

Continental System

-Ban by Napoleon on British goods to harm British economy
-Ended up boosting British
+Forced trades to spread
+Goods became worth more due to risk involved
+Russia forced to break boycott

Hundred Days

-The time between Napoleon’s return to Waterloo to the second restoration of the throne

Isaac Newton

-Invented calculus, applied it to astronomy
-Principa
+Three Principals of motion
=Object at rest will remain at rest until acted on by an outside force
=Object in motion will remain in motion
=Equal and opposite reaction

Adam Smith/Laissez-Faire

-“The Wealth of Nations”
-People will serve their own best self-interest
+Highest quality, lowest price
-Laissez Faire: necessary competition
-Invisible Hand Theory

Mercantilism

-Limited amount of wealth in the world, gold and silver -gained through conquest -High export, low import --> Tariffs

Humanism

-Movement based on Greco-Roman art+studies -Fathered by Petrach -Individuality, moving away from religion

Erasmus

-Christianity is a lifestyle -Didn't want new church -Education is key

Copernicus

-First to suggest heliocentric world model -"On Revolution of Heavenly Spheres" (published at death)

Descartes

-"I think therefore I am" -Cartesian Dualism +Mind separate from matter +Religion only exists in mind -"Discourse on method"

Spinoza

-Combine science and religion -Human body knows when it has sinned

Pascal

-Human mind cannot understand God(God is infinite) -Humans are capable of greatness, but weak +Only christianity acknowledges this

Brahe

Collected data of star movements for 20 years

Kepler

-Three laws of planetary motion +planets orbit in the shape of an ellipse +speed of planet increases closer to sun +planets with larger orbits revolve slower

Galileo

-Developed space telescope -Celestial bodies are made of rock -"Two Chief World Systems"

Ptolemy

-Sun is center of universe -Believed until Scientific Revolution

Charlemagne/ Charles the great

-First European monarch -King of Franks, then Holy Roman Emperor -Pushed forward "city of god" ideals

German princes in Reformation

Aided Martin Luther because less power to church meant more power for them

Lutheranism

-Abolished celibacy -No indulgences -Luther still believes in divine right -no monasticism -Encouraged founding schools -Faith and no hierarchy

Anabaptists

-All are equal -free choice -no killing -early christian values -Adult baptism

Anglicans

-Founded by Henry VIII to divorce his wife