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Y4 EQ - Gastrointestinal tract > GI and applied equine parasitology > Flashcards

GI and applied equine parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Is the risk of colic increased or decreased if on a worming program?

A

Decreased

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2
Q

Is the risk of colic increased or decreased after anthelmintic administration?

A

Increased

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3
Q

Which parasite was once responsible for up to 90% of colic cases?

A

Strongylus vulgaris

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4
Q

How does strongylus vulgaris infections lead to colic?

A
  • Thrombosis of the cranial mesenteric artery
  • Non-strangulating infarction
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5
Q

Why is Strongylus vulgaris less of an issue now?

A

Modern anthelmintics

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6
Q

Describe post-worming colic

A
  • This is recognised following anthelmintic treatment of horses known to have high worm burdens
  • Inflammation of the GIT subsequent to death of large numbers of parasites
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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cyathostominosis?

A

Weight loss
Hypoalbuminaea
Diarrhoea

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8
Q

Which two types of intussusceptions can occur due to cyathostominosis?

A

Caecocaecal
Caecocolic

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9
Q

Name the tapeworm species of horses

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata

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10
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata is associated with which 3 conditions in horses?

A
  • Spasmodic colic
  • Ileal impaction
  • Caecal intussusception
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11
Q

Name the ascarid spp of horses

A

Parascaris equorum

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12
Q

What are the signs and conditions caused by Parascaris equorum?

A

Weight loss
Unthriftiness
Small intestinal obstruction
Colic

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13
Q

Name the pinworm of horses

A

Oxyuris equi

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14
Q

How does Oxyuris equi affect horses?

A

Can cause peri-rectal irritation (tail rubbing)
Some clinical cases can be difficult to treat

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15
Q

What parasite is often an incidental finding when performing gastroscopy?

A

Gastrophilus intestinalis

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16
Q

Describe the general signs of worm infestations in horses

A
  • Most horses tolerate worm burdens with little outward sign
  • Problems often only apparent when clinical disease imminent
  • Problems usually associated with high levels of infection
  • Therefore emphasis is on CONTROL of parasite levels to prevent risk of disease
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17
Q

What are the aims of parasite control in horses?

A

To reduce transmission of the parasite thus preventing high levels of parasite infection, therefore reducing the incidence of disease

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18
Q

Name 4 anthelmintics that can be used in horses

A

Ivermectin
Moxidectin
Pyrantel
Fenbendazole

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19
Q

How can the need for anthelmintic treatment be reduced?

A

Appropriate stocking density
Pasture management
Target treatments: Use diagnostics

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20
Q

Describe pasture management for reducing the need for anthelmintics

A

Faecal collection – at least twice a week
Dung heaps separate from grazing areas
Pasture rotation
Grazing with ruminants
Be aware that parasites can overwinter on pasture

21
Q

Describe how Cyathostomins are diagnosed

A
  • Faecal egg count for adult stages
  • Small redworm blood test
22
Q

Describe how Anoplocephala perfoliata are diagnosed

A
  • FEC: centrifuge flotation
  • ELISA: herd level testing of horses
  • EquiSal: saliva based test
23
Q

Foals are most at risk from which parasites?

A

Ascarids
Strongyles
Tapeworms

24
Q

Describe Parascaris equorum disease in foals

A
  • Migrating larvae cause respiratory disease
  • Patent infection is a common cause of colic
25
Q

How is Parascaris equorum treated?

A

Not with anthelmintics
Heavily contaminated pasture poses a risk

26
Q

The risk of Strongyle infection in foals is dependant on?

A

The level of exposure to a large infection
FEC to check exposure

27
Q

How is a Strongyle infection treated in foals?

A

Autumn/winter moxidectin treatment

28
Q

When is a tapeworm infection in foals treated?

A

If risk of high level of exposure may need treatment in older foals (>6 months)
Use Saliva or ELISA test to assess risk

29
Q

Describe a common control practice for parasites in foals

A

2-3mo foal - Fenbendazole treatment (around May/June)
4-5mo foal - Fenbendazole (July time)
7-8mo foal - Fenbendazole (September time)
Moxidectin treatment in November (Strongyle risk)
Fenbendazole for Parascaris spp

30
Q

The majority of clinical larval Cyathostomin cases are at what age?

A

1-3yo

31
Q

Young stock are at risk of which parasites?

A

Strongyles
Tapeworms

32
Q

At what age do horses have their highest FECs?

A

When they are young stock

33
Q

Describe the considerations for control of parasites in youngstock

A
  • FEC should be conducted more frequently
  • Important to ensure efficacious drugs used
  • Prioritise clearing of pastures on which youngstock are grazing: at least twice a week
  • Grazing practices to reduce pasture contamination are very important in management of youngstock
34
Q

Describe how diagnostics should be used incorporated into parasite control in youngstock

A

Tapeworm ELISA/Saliva test
Cyathostomin larval test
Treatments given need to be based off diagnostic tests

35
Q

Describe the treatment of parasites in youngstock

A

It may be necessary that youngstock (>6.5 months) are given moxidectin and praziquantel in autumn, if management is poor a second treatment is recommended 3 months later

36
Q

When is the period of risk for larval cyathostominosis?

A

October - March

37
Q

Describe parasite management in adults

A

Don’t just rely on drug treatment
Use FEC to target drug treatments
Many horses will shed few eggs onto pasture

38
Q

Describe how treatment is targeted in adult stock

A

Treatment targeted at those animals with moderate to high FEC to reduce pasture contamination

39
Q

Which age group is at the least risk of disease due to parasites?

A

Adults

40
Q

Describe the test and treat philosophy for adult horses

A
  • FEC reduction tests should be performed annually
  • If the risk to the population is high then more frequent FECs should be carried out
41
Q

List the factors which indicate a low risk of parasitic infection in horses

A
  • Repeated negative FEC/tapeworm antibody levels
  • Between 5-15yo
  • Faecal collection >2x a week
  • Good pasture management
  • Stable population
  • Low stocking density
  • No youngstock
  • Effective quarantine
  • No history of parasitic disease
  • No history of colic
42
Q

List the factors which indicate a high risk of parasitic infection in horses

A
  • High FEC/antibody levels
  • Less than 5yo
  • No faecal collection
  • Poor pasture management
  • Transient population
  • High stocking density
  • Grazing with youngstock
  • No quarantine
  • History of parasitic disease
  • History of colic
43
Q

List the factors which indicate a moderate risk of parasitic infection in horses

A
  • Low/moderate FEC/antibody levels
  • More than 15uo
  • Sporadic faecal collection
  • Moderate pasture management
  • Occasional movement
  • Medium stocking density
44
Q

Describe the quarantine procedures that can be used to reduced the risk of parasites

A
  • FEC + other diagnostics on new stock
  • Moxidectin-Praziquantel (PRAMOX) combination usually recommended as quarantine treatment
  • House for ~3 days to eliminate shedding of eggs post treatment
45
Q

Describe Parascaris anthelmintic resistance

A

No studies in the UK, but has been reported
IVM-resistance is most common
Benzimidazole and Pyrantel drugs remain effective BUT resistance is emerging to these drugs

46
Q

Describe Strongyles/Cyathostomin anthelmintic resistance

A
  • Resistance to MLs is now apparent
  • BZs ineffective on all yards
  • PYR effective on <50% studs
  • IVM/MOX effective on many studs but resistance is now evident
  • Resistance to IVM/MOX requires further investigation
47
Q

How is Oxyuris equi controlled?

A

Drugs, washing of peri anal region and environment requires power cleaning

48
Q

How is Oxyuris equi diagnosed?

A

Adults in faeces
Eggs in perianal region

Y4 EQ - Gastrointestinal tract (9 decks)

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