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EMRG 1230- CARDIAC UNIT > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

FOUR

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2
Q

What are the two circulatory routes of blood flow?

A

Pulmonary & systemic

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3
Q

What is it called when back flow happens in the heart?

A

congestive heart failure

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4
Q

What is the pressure of the right side pump?

A

LOW pressure

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5
Q

What is the pressure of the left side pump?

A

HIGH pressure

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6
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

space filled with fluid, approx. 10-15mls

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7
Q

What is the pericardial sac?

A

double layered closed sac that surronds and anchors the heart, loose fitting & inextensible

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8
Q

What is the outer pericardium layer?

A
  • tough fibrous layer attached to the diaphragm
  • inner surfaces of the sternum and vertebral column
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9
Q

What is the inner pericardium layer?

A
  • thin outer layer of the heart wall
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10
Q

Serous membranes are……….

A

secrete fluid to lubricate the membranes to reduce friction during contraction

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11
Q

What are the major structures of the heart?

A

Atria and ventricles
Valves: pulmonary, aortic, bicuspid, tricuspid
Vessels: aorta, pulomary arteries and veins, superior and inferior vena cava
Chordae tendinaee, papillary muscles
Interventricular septum

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12
Q

What are the four cavities of the heart?

A

right and left atria
right and left ventricles

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13
Q

What is the function/characteristics of the atria?

A

receives blood from the veins

thin walls, don’t generate much impulses as they are moving blood to a small distance to the ventricles

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14
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

primary pumping chambers as they pump blood out of the heart

thicker walls

myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker because it pushes blood to the rest of the body!

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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

E.M.E

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16
Q

What is the epicardium?

A
  • visceral pericardium
  • outer layer of the heart
  • blood vessels that nourish the heart are inside the pericardium
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17
Q

What is the myocardium?

A
  • middle layer
  • thickest wall of the heart
  • contraction of the myocardium provides the force that pumps the blood through the blood vessels
  • this is where MI’s happen !!
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18
Q

What is the endocardium?

A
  • single layer of squamous epithelium on the internal surface of the myocardium
  • lines the chambers of the heart
  • continuous with the internal lining of the blood vessels attached to the heart
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19
Q

Which ventricle is thicker?

A

LEFT

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20
Q

What are the two types of heart valves?

A

AV & semilunar

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21
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Formed of fibrous connective tissues
2 AV valves: bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid
- Allows blood from the atrium to the ventricles but not back

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22
Q

What is the tricuspid AV valve?

A

Right side, 3 cusps of tissue from the fibrous tissues that separate the atria and ventricles

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23
Q

What is the bicuspid AV valve?

A

left side, between Left ATRIA & Left VENTRICLE, 2 cusps

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24
Q

What do the AV valves prevent?

A

the valves from being forced into the atria during ventricular contraction, they are just the right length to allow the cusps to close and seal tightly

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25
Q

What are the strands of tissue called that extend from the cusps to the papillary muscle?

A

Chordae Tendineae

26
Q

Where are the semilunar valves?

A

In the bases of the large arteries that carry blood from the ventricles

27
Q

What are the two semilunar valves in the arteries leaving the heart?

A
  • Pulmonary, at the opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
  • Aortic semilunar valve, at the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta
28
Q

What do the semilunar valves allow prevent?

A

Allow blood to exit the ventricles and prevent the blood flow back into the ventricles

29
Q

What are the 2 major arteries of the heart?

A

the right and left coronary arteries, these branch directly off the aorta immediately above the aortic valve

30
Q

Where is the left coronary artery located?

A

divides into the left descending artery (anterior inter ventricular)

supplies 65-75% of the blood supply to the left ventricle and septum

31
Q

Where could sudden cardiac arrest originate? and how would it present on an ECG?

A

left ventricles, the “widow makers”

tombstone pattern on an ECG

32
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply and where?

A

oxygenation and nourishment to the myocardial cells

33
Q

where is the right coronary artery located?

A

originates at the right cusp of the aortic valve

divides into the right marginal artery and posterior inter ventricular artery

supplied 25-35% of the blood supply to the left ventricle and all of the right ventricle

34
Q

What are the cardiac veins?

A

refer to the veins that drain the blood supply of the heart wall

collect the deoxygenated and metabolic rich blood from capillary beds

35
Q

How is blood supplied to the heart?

A

blood passes through the capillary beds in the myocardium

then drains via cardiac veins

empty in to the coronary sinus in the right atrium (collection of small veins that form a larger vessel)

Right coronary vein=anterior supply

36
Q

What are the two phases in the cardiac cycle?

A

Contraction and relaxation

37
Q

Atria and ventricles contract ______ and both _____ between beats

A

alternately, relax

38
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A

Vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aorta
Organs

39
Q

What are the heart sounds produced from?

A

produced by the vibrations from the closing of the heart valves

1st sound: AV valves. beginning of the ventricular systole causes a low “LUBB” sound

2nd sound: Semilunar valves, closing with ventricular diastole “DUPP” sound

40
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

in the walls of the aorta and internal carotid arteries

41
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

detect changes in blood pressure and alert the cardiac center then respond through the stimulation of the SNS or PNS

42
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System causes…

A

increase in HR (tachycardia) and contractility

43
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System causes…

A

decrease in HR (bradycardia) and contractility (vagus nerve stimulation)

44
Q

What chemical is secret during sympathetic innervation?

A

Epinephrine/nonepi is secreted at the synapses in the heart —->increases the rate and strength of the contraction

This chemical stimulates beta receptors and increased HR and contractility

45
Q

How do beta blockers effect sympathetic innervation?

A

Doesn’t have the ability to increase, keeps heart rate down

46
Q

Factors that increase HEART RATE:

A
  1. Elevated body temp (fever)
  2. Increased environmental temp (humidity)
  3. Exercise
  4. Smoking
  5. Stress
47
Q

What chemical is secreted during Parasympathetic innervation ?

A

Acetylcholine is secreted at the synapses and slows the rate down!!

48
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve pathway?

A

Cardiac centre –> to the vagus nerve –> innervates the SA node and AV nodes through the right and left vagus nerves

49
Q

What are the cardiac muscles called?

A

Cardiocytes (myocardiocytes)

Heart muscle cells build to form involuntary muscle strands

Highly resistant to fatigue due to high level of mitochondria

Break down nutrients into cell energy

50
Q

What are the two proteins that allow for contraction?

A

Actin and myosin (protein filaments)

51
Q

How many contractions per minute are cardiac muscles limited to?

A

200 contractions

52
Q

What are the 5 properties of cardiac cells?

A
  1. Contractility
  2. Automaticity
  3. Rhythmicity
  4. Conductivity
  5. Refractory Period
53
Q

Define: Contractility

A

ability to respond to an impulse by contracting

54
Q

Define: Automaticity

A

ability to generate their own impulses

55
Q

Define: Rhythmicity

A

Regular impulse generation

56
Q

Define: Conductivity

A

ability to transmit impulses to adjacent cells

57
Q

Define: Refractory period

A

relaxation without response to another stimulation

58
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

CO is the volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute

depends on the HR and stroke volume (CO= HR x SV)

59
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

varies with sympathetic stimulation and venous return

when an increased amount of blood returns to the heart, the heart stretched more and the force of control

60
Q

During stress, exercise and infection:

Cardiac Output= ________

A

increases

61
Q

What is STARLING’S LAW?

A

The more the muscle fibres are stretched the greater their force of contraction: this is based on an increase in blood volume

EMRG 1230- CARDIAC UNIT (11 decks)

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