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Biology 11 > 14.1 Plant Organs, Tissues, and Cells > Flashcards

14.1 Plant Organs, Tissues, and Cells Flashcards

1
Q

roots, shoots, leaves, and flowers are __________

A

plant organs

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2
Q

Flowering plants reproduce sexually, producing ____

A

seeds

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3
Q

true or false; plants can reproduce asexually

A

true

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4
Q

The three main tissue systems of plants are…

A

dermal, vascular, and ground
tissue systems

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5
Q

organ systems ____ between the two groups of angiosperms

A

differ

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6
Q

two groups of angiosperms:

A

monocots and dicots

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7
Q

Dicotyledons, or dicots

A

larger group, containing broad-leaf
species

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8
Q

examples of dicotyledons

A

dandelions, canola, and maple trees

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9
Q

monocotyledons or monocots

A

contain species with long, thin leaves

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10
Q

examples of monocotyledons

A

grasses, orchids, and lilies.

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11
Q

Roots

A

structures that anchor a plant in the soil,
absorbing minerals and water and providing structural support

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12
Q

Monocots have ______ root systems

A

fibrous

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13
Q

what is a fibrous root system

A

A fibrous root system consists of a mat of thin roots spread out below the soil surface, providing increased exposure to
soil nutrients and water

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14
Q

most dicots have a _______ system

A

taproot

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15
Q

what is a taproot system

A

characterized by one large vertical root with many smaller branches

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16
Q

examples of dicots with taproots

A

Carrots, turnips, and beets are examples of dicots with very large, starch-storing taproots

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17
Q

Shoots

A

usually above-ground structures consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers

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18
Q

stems

A

parts of a plant that support leaves and
flowers

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19
Q

nodes

A

Nodes are the points on the stem at which leaves are attached

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20
Q

internodes

A

portions of the stem between nodes

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21
Q

importance of stems

A

Stems play an important role in transporting materials in a plant

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22
Q

function of vascular tissue

A

transports water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves, and food from the leaves to other parts of the plant, such as
growing buds, flowers, and roots.

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23
Q

true or false: the stems of cacti are a type of shoot

A

true

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24
Q

The stems of cacti are specialized to

A

store water

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25
Q

Tubers, such as potatoes, are swollen shoots that

A

store starch

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26
Q

The thorns that protect a hawthorn bush are actually …

A

modified branches

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27
Q

An onion is an underground shoot, modified for

A

food storage

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28
Q

Undeveloped shoots are called

A

buds

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29
Q

A terminal bud is found at the

A

tip of a stem

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30
Q

Axillary buds are found in the

A

angles formed by a leaf and the main stem

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31
Q

what are the angles formed by a leaf called?

A

axils

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32
Q

Growth from axillary buds forms the

A

plant’s branches

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33
Q

Leaves

A

primary food-manufacturing sites of a plant

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34
Q

Most plant leaves are flattened and
thin, allowing them to…

A

intercept and capture sunlight
effectively

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35
Q

The main part of the leaf is the

A

blade

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36
Q

A stalk, called a _________, connects the leaf to the stem

A

petiole

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37
Q

The vein that runs through the petiole and into the blade carry ___________ into the leaf and transport ________ from the leaf to other parts of the plant

A

water and nutrients; sugars

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38
Q

The _________, or arrangement of
veins, differs in the leaves of monocots and dicots

A

venation

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39
Q

In a monocot leaf, several major veins run _______ along the length of the leaf blade

A

parallel

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40
Q

A dicot leaf has a ___________ of veins

A

branching network

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41
Q

true or false: spines on a cactus are leaves

A

true

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42
Q

Because an onion bulb is a modified shoot, the layers of an onion are actually

A

leaves

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43
Q

give an example of petioles in the food you eat

A

Celery has enormous petioles (the “stalks” that you eat)

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44
Q

flower

A

A flower is a specialized shoot, unique to angiosperms, that usually consists of four different rings of modified leaves

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45
Q

what are the four different rings of modified leaves

A

sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils

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46
Q

sepals

A

The outermost ring that covers and protects the flower bud before the blossom opens

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47
Q

example of a sepal

A

rosebud

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48
Q

Why do some flower petals have “runway” markings?

A

helps guide insect pollinators toward the flower’s reproductive parts

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49
Q

stamens

A

In the centre of the flower are the stamens, the male reproductive structures

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50
Q

pistils

A

the female reproductive structures

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51
Q

true or false: all species have stamens and pistils together on the same flower

A

false

Some species, however, have stamens and pistils on separate flowers or even separate plants

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52
Q

Each stamen consists of a long stalk topped by a sac called an ________.

A

anther

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53
Q

Within the anthers, meiosis produces ______ that develop into __________

A

spores; pollen
grains

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54
Q

Each pollen grain is a ____________, consisting of two cells surrounded by a thick protective wall

A

male gametophyte

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55
Q

At the base of each female pistil is an

A

ovary

56
Q

Inside the ovary are
structures called

A

ovules

57
Q

Ovules contain the

A

female gametophyte

58
Q

When fertilized, ovules develop into

A

seeds

59
Q

Leading to the ovary is a narrow
structure called the ____, which has a sticky tip called the ______ (plural,
stigmata)

A

style; stigma

60
Q

describe sexual reproduction in a plant

A

During pollination, pollen grains released from anthers land on the stigmata of flowers

Once on a stigma, a pollen grain absorbs water and extends a structure called a pollen tube.

The pollen tube, which contains two sperm nuclei, grows toward the ovary through the style.

When the pollen tube reaches the ovule in the ovary, a sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell in the ovule and forms a zygote, which develops into the plant embryo.

The other sperm cell contributes to the development of a nutrient-rich tissue, called endosperm, that nourishes the growing embryo.

Several pollen tubes may grow down
a style at once, competing with one another to fertilize one ovule

61
Q

Monocot flowers tend to have sepals, petals, and reproductive parts
in

A

multiples of three

62
Q

Dicot flowers tend to have parts in

A

multiples of four or five

63
Q

true or false: dicot flowers can have six parts

A

true

(there are exceptions to the general rule for dicots)

64
Q

seed coat

A

Seeds have a tough outer layer called a seed coat that helps to protect the tiny embryo and endosperm inside

65
Q

In many seeds, the endosperm is the
food source for the developing embryo and may contain

A

starch, proteins,
and oils

66
Q

An embryonic leaf, called the ________, also develops

A

cotyledon

67
Q

cotyledon

A

functions in the storage and transfer of nutrients to the embryo and is especially important in seeds without endosperm

68
Q

how many cotyledons do monocots have

A

1

(mono)cotyledon=1

69
Q

how many cotyledons do dicots have

A

2

(di)cotyledon=2

70
Q

After several cycles of mitosis, why is the growth and development of the plant
embryo within the seed temporarily suspended?

A

because this is the stage when the seed is usually dispersed from the parent plant

71
Q

true or false: Green peppers, walnuts,
cucumbers, maple tree keys, coconuts, and corn are all types of fruits

A

true

72
Q

ways seed dispersal can occur

A

Some seeds travel by sticking onto a passing animal’s fur, as burrs.

Some seeds, such as coconuts, travel on water (again, encased in the fruit).

Others are so tiny and lightweight that
they can be carried by the wind

Some seeds, such as the touch-me-not, are ballistically propelled several metres from the plant

73
Q

When conditions are favourable, the plant embryo within a seed begins to grow. This process is called

A

germination

74
Q

what happens to seeds when they get water?

A

Most seeds must soak up water in order to germinate.

By taking up water, the seed expands and splits its seed coat.

The water also triggers metabolic changes in the embryo that enable it to grow

75
Q

give an example of how dicots have an adaptation that protect the developing shoot as it grows toward the surface

A

some dicots have a hooked shoot tip
-this protects the delicate shoot tip by holding it downward as the shoot moves through the soil
-as the shoot breaks through the soil surface, its tip is lifted gently out of the
soil and straightens out

76
Q

give an example of how monocots have an adaptation that protect the developing shoot as it grows toward the surface

A

In most monocots, a sheath surrounding the shoot pushes straight upward, breaking through the soil

-the delicate shoot then grows upward through this protective tunnel.
-after emerging into the light, the first leaves expand from the shoot and begin making food by photosynthesis
-at this stage, the young plant is called a
seedling

77
Q

Asexual reproduction in plants is called

A

vegetative reproduction

78
Q

how do some plants reproduce asexually

A

Some plants, such as cacti, drop stems or other shoots that establish new roots and become clones.

Other plants, such as strawberry plants and many grasses, send out runners.

Some trees and shrubs send out shoots from the base of their trunks or from underground stems.

-these clones may persist long after the original plant dies

79
Q

how do humans help plants reproduce asexually

A

The simplest way to clone a plant is to cut off a leaf or stem and place the cut end in water or soil.

In many plants, the cells at the cut end of the petiole or stem become undifferentiated and then form new plant tissues and organs.

The result is the formation of a new plant, genetically identical to the original one.

80
Q

The first plants to be cloned in this way were

A

carrots

81
Q

grafting

A

widely used by fruit growers, allowing them to combine a high-quality fruit-bearing stem with a tough and hardy root or to put
several varieties of a fruit on one plant

82
Q

Plants have three main tissue systems:

A

dermal, vascular, and ground tissue
systems

83
Q

dermal tissue

A

The dermal tissue is the outer covering or “skin” of the plant

84
Q

epidermis

A

The epidermis, the dermal tissue of non-woody organs, such as young roots, consists of one or more layers of cells

85
Q

true or false: The epidermis covers and protects all the old parts of the plant

A

false

-protects young parts

86
Q

give an example of how epidermis are specialized

A

epidermis of leaves and stems secretes a
waxy cuticle, an adaptation that helps plants retain water.

many plant species have epidermal hairs that trap or poison insects, protecting the plant from insect herbivores.

87
Q

Located in the epidermis of leaves and some other tissues are pores called

A

stomata (singular, stoma)

88
Q

what occurs in the stoma

A

Gas and water exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant occurs through stoma

89
Q

vascular tissue

A

-transports water, mineral nutrients, and
organic molecules between roots and shoots
-also contributes to the structural support of the plant

90
Q

2 types of vascular tissue

A

xylem and phloem

91
Q

xylem

A

transports water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into shoots.

92
Q

phloem

A

transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and the parts of the shoot
system that don’t carry out photosynthesis, such as developing leaves, flowers, and fruits.

93
Q

vascular tissue in monocots

A

A monocot stem has vascular bundles scattered throughout its tissue

94
Q

vascular tissue in dicots

A

The vascular bundles of a dicot stem are arranged in a ring

95
Q

ground tissue

A

-fills the spaces between the dermal and vascular tissues is ground tissue

-makes up most of a young, non-woody plant and functions in photosynthesis in the shoot and in storage and support throughout the plant.

96
Q

The ground tissue of the root consists primarily of a mass of cells called the

A

cortex

97
Q

The plant tissues are made up of three basic cell types:

A

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

98
Q

parenchyma

A

-most abundant type of cell

-has thin cell walls and, typically, large central vacuoles

-perform a variety of functions in the plant, including food storage, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration

-fruits are made up mostly of parenchyma cells.

-food-conducting cells of phloem are also parenchyma cells

99
Q

collenchyma

A

-have unevenly thickened cell walls.

-grouped in strands or cylinders

-provide support in parts of plant that are still growing

-young stems and petioles often have
collenchyma just below their surface

100
Q

sclerenchyma

A

-specialized for support

-cells grow and then die within mature part of a plant

-their lignin-rich cell walls are left behind, creating a “skeleton” that supports the plant.

-For example, the water-conducting cells of xylem are specialized sclerenchyma cells

101
Q

The upper and lower surfaces of the leaf are covered by tightly packed __________. These cells are covered by a _________, reducing the amount of water that is lost by the leaf.

A

epidermal cells; waxy cuticle

102
Q

function of waxy cuticle on leaf

A

reduces the amount of water that is lost by the leaf

103
Q

guard cells

A

regulate the opening and closing of the
stomata, controlling the diffusion of gases into the leaf and the loss of water vapour from the leaf.

104
Q

The ground tissue of the leaf is made of _______, a type of parenchyma cell that is specialized for ____________

A

mesophyll; gas exchange

105
Q

Dicots have ___ layers of mesophyll cells

A

2

106
Q

Under the upper epidermis is a layer of elongated palisade mesophyll cells that are specialized for …

A

capturing light energy
and carrying out photosynthesis

107
Q

Next to the lower epidermis is a layer
of loosely packed _________ cells

A

spongy mesophyll

108
Q

spongy mesophyll is also known as

A

aerenchyma

109
Q

Air spaces within the spongy mesophyll allow

A

carbon dioxide and oxygen to
circulate within the leaf

110
Q

leaf mesophyll in monocots

A

One type of mesophyll

111
Q

leaf mesophyll in dicots

A

Palisade and
spongy mesophyll

112
Q

developing shoot in monocots

A

Protected by sheath

113
Q

developing shoot in dicots

A

Hooked

114
Q

vascular bundles in stems of monocots

A

Scattered

115
Q

vascular bundles in stems of dicots

A

Arranged in a ring

116
Q

secondary growth in monocots

A

Absent

117
Q

secondary growth in dicots

A

often present

118
Q

Give an example of
(a) a modified leaf

A

-spines on a cactus
-tendrils on a pea plant or a grapevine are modified leaves (allow a plant to attach to and climb along a surface)

119
Q

Give an example of
(b) a modified shoot

A

onion bulb is a modified shoot

120
Q

Name the four rings of modified leaves
that make up a flower.

A

sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils

121
Q

State the function of sepals

A

covers and protects the flower bud before the blossom opens

122
Q

state the function of petals

A

have “runway” markings that help guide insect pollinators toward the flower’s reproductive parts

123
Q

state the function of stamens

A

male reproductive structures

124
Q

state the function of pistils

A

female reproductive structures

125
Q

Name the male and female gametophytes of an angiosperm

A

male gametophyte- pollen grains
female gametophyte- seeds

126
Q

List four ways that seeds can be dispersed, and give an example of each

A

Some seeds travel by sticking onto a passing animal’s fur, as burrs
-e.g. birds eat the fruit of plants (wild grape) which disperses seeds in their droppings after digestion

Some seeds, travel on water
-e.g. coconuts

Others are so tiny and lightweight that
they can be carried by the wind.
-e.g. a dandelion

Some seeds are ballistically propelled several metres from the plant
-e.g. touch-me-not plant

127
Q

Explain why each of the following statements is incomplete or incorrect.
(a) Within the ovaries of a flower, meiosis
produces spores that develop into pollen
grains

A

this happens in the anthers not ovaries

128
Q

Explain why each of the following statements is incomplete or incorrect.
(b) Putting a seed in a warm, moist
environment will cause it to germinate

A

Most seeds must soak up water in order to germinate. By taking up water, the seed expands and splits its seed coat.

Also depends on the plant because some have more specific requirements
-e.g. some seeds require exposure to the intense heat of a brush fire before
germinating.

129
Q

Explain the role of endosperm and cotyledon(s) in nourishing a young plant embryo.

A

Endosperm:
nutrient-rich tissue that nourishes the growing embryo

Cotyledons:
the cotyledon functions in the storage + transfer of nutrients to the embryo and is especially important in seeds without endosperm

130
Q

Young seedlings are adapted to grow through soil without damage to the young shoot. Describe one such adaptation in
(a) monocots

A

In most monocots, a sheath surrounding the shoot pushes straight upward, breaking through the soil.

The delicate shoot then grows upward through this protective tunnel

131
Q

Young seedlings are adapted to grow through soil without damage to the young shoot. Describe one such adaptation in
(b) dicots

A

some dicots have a hooked shoot tip
-this protects the delicate shoot tip by holding it downward as the shoot moves through the soil
-as the shoot breaks through the soil surface, its tip is lifted gently out of the
soil and straightens out

132
Q

dermal tissue

A

outer covering or “skin” of the plant.

133
Q

vascular tissue

A

transports water, mineral nutrients, and
organic molecules between roots and shoots

also contributes to the structural support of the plant.

134
Q

ground tissue

A

functions in photosynthesis in the shoot and in storage and support throughout the plant

135
Q

Describe how plant cloning and grafting are used in agriculture and horticulture.

A

Vegetative reproduction/ Cloning
-gives us a way to breed useful crops
or decorative plants, without needing to wait for seeds produced by the
desired plant to develop
-also ensures that plants will be genetically
identical with the desired traits

Grafting
-widely used by fruit growers, allowing them to combine a high-quality fruit-bearing stem with a tough and hardy root or to put several varieties of a fruit on one plant

136
Q

apical meristem form and function

A

causes primary growth (lengthening plant)

occurs at tips of shoots and roots

produces new leaves and flowers

137
Q

lateral meristems form and function

A

causes secondary growth (widening of plant)

occurs at cambium

produces bark on trees

Biology 11 (58 decks)

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